Kip Kinkel

Kipland Kinkel a 15 year old teenager killed his parents at their home in Oregon in 1998, and later went to the cafeteria of Springfield Thurston high school and went on a shooting spree, killing two and injuring 25 students. Kinkel was sentenced to spend around 112 years in prison without any option of parole. Kinkel was suspected to be a paranoid schizophrenic, the brain harm in Kinkel’s case was supposed to be due to genetic disorders. Kinkel’s mother’s family was also found to have a history of mental illnesses. After a detailed study of this case, the competencies that are of utmost interest to this case are, The mental state of Kinkel The history of mental illnesses in Kinkel’s family His relationship with his father His interest in guns and bombs High educational expectations form his parents The effect of the anti-depressants he was taking. All the above-mentioned points must have directly or indirectly influenced Kinkel to do what he did. Increased pressure on the brain of any person and especially a teenager is bound to give negative results. This is what made Kinkel go on a shooting spree. Kip Kinkel Juveniles with a history of mental illnesses like schizophrenia and ADHD are more inclined to commit certain offenses like robbery, stealing vehicles, drugs etc. The main features of the case, which will be important in the legal point of view, are Kinkel was a paranoid schizophrenic He had a slow psychological development Was taking medicines for his mental condition ‘Not guilty by reason of insanity’ then he would be sent to a mental hospital Psychological Factors Some of the main psychological conditions which influenced Kinkel, were that he was a schizophrenic, his mother also suspected him of having attention deficit disorder (ADHD).   His family had a history of mental illnesses, it was learned that his mother also used anti-depressants, and at least nine of his other family members have mental illnesses. All this might also show a link to a genetic disorder. As a child he was a slow learner who was emotional and hyperactive. Kinkel had a mental problem, which damaged his brain, and there was also talk about holes in his brain. Kinkel also said he heard voices, which made him do this. Psychological disorders can be due to genetic inheritance, which can be traced back to nearly three generations, and Kinkel’s family on both his parents’ sides had a history of mental disorders. All these psychological factors will definitely have an effect on the behavior and capabilities of Kinkel, and this is what happened to him.   He was mentally depressed and in a psychotic state when he committed the offense. Kip Kinkel Medications To improve the mental state of Kinkel, I think he should be given the necessary medications to control his depression and anger.   If he is not given medicines, there are chances of him to repeat the offense again during his trial on his co-mates.   He should be given a chance to vent out his feelings, so that he can think straight. By not taking medicines, he might be constantly remembering the same incident again and again, which might increase the feelings of depression in him and subsequently result in further brain damage. By taking medicines during his trial, he can slowly improve his mental condition and reduce his anger. And there are chances of him to be totally get rid of his depression, which will give him a new lease of life, and there will be a meaning to his life also. Juveniles are not grown ups and their psychological and mental condition is also not totally developed, they don’t have the maturity that adults have, due to which they are bound to commit offenses. At the same time they have to be given a chance to prove themselves, even if it is when they are under trial.   So taking medicines to improve their condition is definitely advisable for juveniles. Defense Arguments In Kinkel’s case, the main points that the defense should try to highlight are His mental illness His juvenile status The use of medicines for depression Not guilty by reason of insanity Kip Kinkel The defense should handle the case very tactfully by highlighting the aspects that are advantageous to Kinkel. They should stress on the mental condition of the defendant at the time he committed the offense. The cognitive development of a juvenile should also be considered, as children cannot differentiate between what is right and what is wrong, as they are immature. The other point that the defense can argue is the history of mental illnesses in Kinkel’s family, which could have developed a genetic disorder in him, the reason for his mental condition. The two main points that the defense can lobby for are Kinkel’s mental condition and his juvenile status. Conclusion Kipland Kinkel was and is guilty for the murder of his parents and two of his fellow students, and according to the nation he should be severely punished.   But the fact that he is a juvenile should be considered, as children are different from adults, and they are not mature enough to decide what is right. Also considering the fact that he was a paranoid schizophrenic, he should be given a chance to take proper medication for his mental condition and overall well being.   He should be sent to a rehabilitation center, to take proper treatment for his psychological disorders. Everybody does mistakes, after all it is human nature to go wrong at a certain point, but the greatness lies in forgiving a person and giving him a chance to mend his ways. Kip Kinkel committed this offense, but he was not mature enough to understand what he was doing at that time, he had sort of gone blank, and he was not in a state to judge what was right and wrong. He must be given an opportunity to take suitable treatment for his psychological development. References Ellis Swanson, ‘†Killers Start Sad and Crazy† Mental Illness and the Betrayal of Kipland Kinkel’, Oregon Law Review, Retrieved 13 June, 2007, http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/79/79olr1081.pdf Jeff Barnard, ‘Oregon school shooting suspect describes killing on videotape’, Court TV Online, Retrieved 13 June 2007 Rusty Dornin, ‘Oregon school shooter showed signs of mental disease’, CNN.com, Retrieved 13 June 2007            

Challenges Of World Health Organization Health And Social Care Essay

World Health Organization ( WHO ) is an organisation that established by the United Nations in 1945. An thought about set uping WHO was from former wellness organisations such as Health Organization of the League of Nations. One twelvemonth subsequently in 22 July 1946, the fundamental law of the WHO had been signed by all 61 states of the UN, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly completing on 24 April 1948. The Fundamental law of WHO came into force on 7 April 1948- a day of the month we now celebrate every twelvemonth as World Health Day. Until now, WHO has been responsible for catching diseases, in peculiar, malaria and TB, and besides HIV/AIDS which we ‘re traveling to speak about in this paper. The chief variety meats of WHO are the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board, and the secretariat, headed by a director-general. Harmonizing to WHO ( 2012 ) , the World Health Assembly has more than 190 provinces as the members. Each member has one ballot in policies of the organisation, budgetary, administrative, and similar inquiries. By two tierce of the ballot, the assembly may make up one's mind the determination or understanding. The assembly holds the meeting yearly in May at Geneva. The executive board has 32 members. Each 32 members of the board are elected by the World Health Assembly for the three old ages term. Board members serve as persons and non as representatives of their authoritiess. They meet twice a twelvemonth. The secretariat consists of the proficient and administrative forces of the organisation. It is headed by a manager general, chosen by the World Health Assembly. The WHO ‘s most of import intent which listed in The Constitution of WHO ( 1946 ) is â€Å" the enjoyment of the highest come-at-able criterion of wellness is one of the cardinal rights of every human being without differentiation of race, faith, political, belief, economic or societal status † . In order to accomplish this intent the promotive schemes are needed. Investing in wellness to cut down poorness, constructing single and planetary wellness security, advancing cosmopolitan coverage, gender equality, and wellness related human rights, undertaking the determiners of wellness, and beef uping wellness systems and just entree are the illustrations of those schemes. There are many maps of WHO. First, WHO provide leading on the wellness job and engage in the partnership where WHO attend action. When one state has a wellness job, WHO is the caput for seeking the solutions for that state. Second, WHO organizes the research docket which make the people understand and remain watchful about wellness issue and transmit of the valuable information and cognition about the wellness to every state. Third, WHO set up the norm, standard and advance their execution. Fourth, WHO provides proficient support and counsel. Fifth, WHO dominates the wellness state of affairs on the universe and reference wellness tendency. Until now we could see through brief debut of what is WHO. By this, we realize WHO is n't merely bing for nil. Indeed, WHO is one of the most effectual organisations in forestalling the spread of HIV/AIDS. Furthermore we will discourse about what is HIV/AIDS? What WHO do when HIV/AIDS occur in one state? Is at that place any different positions about WHO ‘s work in AIDS?II- History of HIV/AIDSAIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) is one of the most fatal unwellnesss in the universe, which causes by HIV I ( Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ) , have been killing million of victims all over the universe merely over 30 old ages ago. AIDS does n't infect by merely holding sex ( unwritten, vaginal, or anal ) , but besides sharing blood, sharing needle ( drug utilizing, tattoo, piercingsaˆÂ ¦ ) ; infecting from ma, who got AIDS to the fetal. It kills victims by weaken down immune system in a complication manner. So where does AIDS come from? When and how it become the scarie st unwellness? It ‘s believed that AIDS was originated in Africa. In the early yeas HIV was an unknown and feared virus that menace and scare people about its fatal. After a movie star Rock Hudson died in October/2nd/1985, piano player Liberane died in February/4th/1987, and other more celebrated people died, the unwellness started to known by people. HIV emerged in the late twentieth century. In the sixtiess and 1970s, AIDs was appeared by infecting from Pan troglodytes to worlds in Africa. A 1998 analysis suggested that HIV-1 was occurred in 1960s in West Africa. In 1981 is the distributing AIDS syndrome. There were two ways, Kaposi ‘s sarcoma and pneumonia ( PCP ) gay homosexual in New York City. In 1982 is the syndrome was created as AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) . In 1983, World Health Organization ( WHO ) took action in France and US. In 1986 in UK AIDS was called as HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) . In add-on, AZT ( azidothymidine or Retrovir ) anti-HIV drug w as found. Mandal said ( n.d. ) â€Å" In 2000 ‘s, by 2000,34.3 million instances of HIV worldwide, with largest figure in South Africa, were estimated. HIV vaccinum tests began in Oxford in 2000. In 2003 in Swaziland and Botswana in Southern Africa, about 40 % of grownups HIV+ AIDS vaccinum failed, Enfuviride a new drug called merger in hibitor was approved in the USA. In 2005 drug companies and shapers agreed to do available cheaper generic anti-viral drug. † Over 30 old ages AIDS has killed 1000000s of people, left many orphanhoods. Though WHO and all authoritiess around the universe have tried a remedy for this unwellness, there has n't had any medical specialty to bring around this syndrome yet. In order to diminish this AIDS syndrome, people should good aware about how to forestall and protect themselves from this fatal unwellness.III- The Challenges of World Health Organization in AIDS planThe WHO is regarded as one of the taking organisations in forestalling and halting AIDS and they are besides praised for their committedness and scheme. The run is concentrating on zero new HIV infection, zero deceases from AIDS related unwellnesss and zero favoritism against people populating with HIV/AIDS ( WHO, 2011 ) .However, there are ever the obstruction that or issues that they have been confronting since the beginning of their spreading of HIV bar plana. Education and CommunicationThe WHO plan against AIDS focal point on Lashkar-e-Taiba pe ople to cognize HIV/AIDS and how to forestall it. However, Knowledge of AIDS is limited to some states that are low in instruction, wellness, and communicating. Those people that live there were really vulnerable to the disease and easy infected to other people. Hence, when UNTAC arrive in 1992 Cambodia to reconstruct peace, they besides carried AIDS that was distributing throughout Cambodia. During that clip Cambodia was in the procedure of stoping the ongoing civil wars that have lasted for decennaries. The Kampuchean was comparatively incognizant of this deathly epidemic. Harmonizing to WHO, by 1995 there were between 50,000 and 90,000 Cambodians infected by HIV. The grounds why it expanded so fast were the deficiency of cognition of Aids, how lifelessly it was, and how it infected from individual to individual.B. Stigma and DiscriminationThe Secretary General Ban Ki Moon says: â€Å" Sigma remains the individual most of import barrier to public action. it is a chief ground why excessively many people are afraid to see a physician whether they have the disease or to seek intervention if so. It helps do AIDS the soundless slayer, because people fear the societal shame of talking about it, or taking easy available safeguard. Stigma is a main ground why the AIDS epidemic continues to lay waste to societies around the universe. † Because HIV/AIDS is unsafe disease that has killed 1000000s of people around the universe and so people view to it ever in strong manner. Peoples that infected ever find themselves isolated from the society because they merely seem to experience ashamed and fright of favoritism from their household and society. The WHO believes that the bar and decrease of HIV will alter the attitude of people ‘s discriminate toward the people populating HIV.c. Religious BeliefBecause of the primary spreading AIDS through sexual intercourse, The WHO has recommended the people all over to utilize the rubbers in order to protect them from AIDS infecting. Nevertheless, The Roman-Catholic church has been opposing thought of utilizing the rubber through their spiritual belief as the act of wickedness. Pope Benedict XVI said on a trip to see Africa in 2009 claims that by utilizing rubbers it could do the AIDS issue in Africa become much worse. His statement besides made the other Catholic in other st ates believer condemned the thought of utilizing rubber although some of them live in the development states and understand how lifelessly the disease is. The World Health Assembly President, Guyana ‘s Health Minister Leslie Ramsammy disapproved of the Catholic Pope position and regarded as the act of distributing confusion in Africa where it badly suffered from the AIDS epidemic. She stated â€Å" The statement by the Pope is inconsistent with our experiences and it is non in sync with what Catholics have experienced and believe. † The bottom line is the WHO is fighting to convert and urge the manner that people can avoid and cognize how to protect them from Aids, but the WHO can non implement people to make it.IV- Case Study1: CambodiaHIV/AIDS is epidemic in Cambodia unusually. After the instance of HIV was found in Cambodia in 1991, predominating of infection increased extremely of 2 per centum in 1998. In general population, the prevailing decreased to 0.5 per centu m in 2009. Between 2003 and 2005 the statistics of infective HIV among Kampuchean grownups aged 15-49 was low down from 2 per centum to 1.6 per centum. 63000 people were populating with HIV in Cambodia in 2011. The infection of epidemic HIV is spread through by heterosexual transmittal, sex trade, shooting drug user and so on. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Cambodia is among the highest in Asia. Even though Cambodia is one of the poorest states in the universe ; HIV bar and control attempt made by Royal Government and Organizations have helped to cut down the spread of HIV. The Cambodia ‘s authorities fined methods, in order to cut down the spread of HIV. The authorities implement on human trafficking and sexual development. In the execution, constabularies find the location such as whorehouses, in order to caught and steer the sex worker and notably the sex workers who do the sex trade on streets, bars, and informal karaoke. Furthermore, the voluntary plans about learning HIV/ AIDS instruction can besides forestall HIV. In order to do the Kampuchean citizen know profoundly about HIV, voluntary squad convey up the issue that related to HIV/AIDS to steer about how to forestall from this rough diseases in schoolroom or communities. Furthermore, they try to maintain future coevals safe from this disease. In that, WHO took action with ministry of wellness of Cambodia to cut down the spread of HIV. The ministry of wellness of Cambodia with WHO support, established the Nation AIDS plan ( NAP ) . The purpose of NAP from 1991-1994 is to denote the consciousness and to advance the utilizing of rubber among the both gender. In order to protect citizen from this deathly disease, they have to cognize how to utilize condom decently. Furthermore, ministry of wellness of Cambodia generated the plans that related to the apprehension and counsel of HIV by many medias such as Television, wirelesss, proclamation and so on.V- Case Study2: SwazilandIn Swaziland, a little landl ocked state in Southern Africa, it has the highest HIV prevalence in the universe, which accounted for 33.4 % of entire population in 2006 ( USAIDS Repot ) . Aids had spread over the state and led to the Aids catastrophe state around 25 old ages. Since, the first instance of study in1986, Swaziland authorities and WHO work to supply information and instruction on HIV ; promote rubber usage ; pull off the spread of sexually transmitted infections and many policy in order to forestall Aids, but â€Å" In 1992 the prevalence is merely 3.9 % , but in 2007 it increase to 39.2 % † ( USAIDS study ) . Even the authorities and many international organisation had tried to forestall and halt the spread of AIDs, it seem can non command good. â€Å" In 2009 the entire population is 1,200,000 and the people populating with Aids is180,000 ; The adult females age above 15 old ages old life with HIV is 100,000 ; kids 14,000 and Adult 25.9 % , and AIDs deaths 7,000 † ( Population Refere nce BureauA & A ; A UNAIDS ) . It is still worse if comparison to adjacent states Harmonizing to UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe presented study in February 2010 when visited Swaziland â€Å" A study gauging that 3 in every 100 people in Swaziland will be infected with HIV every twelvemonth taking to an expected 18,000 new infections each twelvemonth by 2012. † Now in Swaziland, there are 2 chief go oning models supported by The National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS ( NERCHA ) together with UNAIDS. One Strategic Framework and One Monitoring and Evaluation Framework with the full name is National Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS ( NSF ) 2009-2014 and The National HIV and AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 2009-2014, aligned and work together. It realize that these models impact consequence such as: Better the Swaziland Human Development Index from 0.542 reported in 2008 to 0.55 in 2014 ; Reducing Swaziland incidence rate of HIV from 2.9 in 2008 to 2.3 % in 2014 ; Increased life anticipation from 40.2 old ages in 2008 to 44 old ages in 2014 ; Increase the per centum of families with vulnerable persons that are able to get by with the impact of HIV from 72 % in 2008 to 80 % in 2014 ; Increase the per centum of vulnerable persons that report that all the services they receive were relevant, seasonably, and comprehensive and o f good quality to 70 % in 2014 ; And increase the per centum of mid-term and terminal of NSF service coverage marks ( end product degree ) that have been met in the countries of HIV bar, intervention attention and support and impact extenuation has increase to 80 % by terminal of NSF in 2014. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) play an of import function recommended collaborative TB/HIV activities as portion of nucleus HIV and TB ( Tuberculosis ) bar, attention and intervention services. WHOs ‘ action included intercessions that cut down the morbidity and mortality from TB in people populating with HIV. WHO is besides a usher for Swaziland, Harmonizing to WHO guidelines, all co-infected patients should be started on ART ( Antiretroviral Therapy ) every bit shortly as they can digest TB intervention. Although advancement has been made with respects to intervention and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission ( PMTCT ) , poorness, gender inequality and harmful cultural patterns continue to lend to a high hazard of HIV infection among the general population. There is still an pressing demand for effectual bar enterprises, including a greater focal point on bettering entree to HIV proving installations. The highly high rate ofA TB ( TB ) A co-infection with HIV is besides a major concern and the chief cause of mortality in the state. Swaziland ‘s King has been criticized for his â€Å" blazing neglect † for the factors lending to the AIDS epidemic in his state and populating a munificent life style, while his state is in such a desperate state of affairs. When the King chartered a plane to take his 13 married womans on an international shopping trip in 2008, 100s of Swazi adult females protested, shouting â€Å" we need to maintain that money for ARVs! † Swaziland, even the WHO, USAIDS and the authorities created policy and good practicing, but as you can see the statistic in paragraph 3, Swaziland has more things to travel and more things to reform in order to accomplish the end.VI- DecisionTo sum up, many people think WHO is working for several things but non truly making their work. Yet our paper provinces that WHO is a powerful histrion of halting and blockading HIV/AIDS to be expanded by directing specializer to corporate with authorities, steering the manner to assist people populating with HIV, making learning plan for local nurse, supplying assistance to assist authorities, describing about AIDS yearly. Besides, WHO corporate really good with UNAIDS who is act the most in prevent AIDS. Indeed, WHO besides has things to be fixed. Lack of instruction, favoritism and spiritual belief are those jobs to be fixed. These jobs should be solved. It would n't be an easy undertaking for WHO but if WHO endure it, it will be a measure for WHO to travel frontward. Overall, WHO is truly making difficult and effectual work approximately AIDS around the universe.MentionsAFP. ( 2009, March 23 ) . Pope Decries Clouds of Evil. The Witness. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.witness.com.za Avert ( N.A. ) . HIV and AIDS in Swaziland Retrieved November 20, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/aids-swaziland.htm Bradshaw, S. ( 2003, October 9 ) . Vatican: Condoms Do n't Stop Aids. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk Crochet, S. ( 1997 ) . Le Cambodge. Paris: Karthala. Global Service Corps ( N.A. ) . Volunteer plan in Cambodia in Asia. Retrieved November 30. 2012 from www.globalservicecorps.org/site/cambodia-hiv-prevention/ Mandal, A. ( N.A. ) . History of AIDS, News-Medical, Retrieved November 28, 2012, from www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-AIDS.aspx Sidibe , M. ( 26 February, 2010 ) . The Impact of Science and Innovation in HIV and AIDS. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/speechexd/2010/20100226_sp_sidibe_vancouver_en.pdf Timess, T. W. ( 2008, August 6 ) . BAN KI-MOON: The Stigma Factor. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.washingtontimes.com UNAIDS ( 2012, March ) . Regions & A ; states: States: Swaziland. Retrieve November 21, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland/ UNAIDS ( 2012 ) . Swaziland state study on supervising the political declaration on HIV and AIDS. Retrieved November 20, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_SZ_Narrative_Report % 5B1 % 5D.pdf Vesperini, H. ( 2000, November 30 ) . Cambodia ‘s Aids Struggle. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.com.uk World Health Organization ( WHO ) ( 2012 ) . Countries. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int WHO ( 2012 ) . Governance. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int WHO ( 2011 ) . hiv/aids 2011-2015. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int WHO ( 1946 ) . The fundamental law of WHO. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //ww.who.int WHO ( 2003 ) . The WHO Strategy: Treating 3 Million by 2005: Making It Happen. Retrieved November 27, 2012 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int

Case Study of the Changes in Farming and Industries in Northampton

Case Study of the Changes in Farming and Industries in Northampton Introduction The objective of this project is to define revolution in a political/social context and to explain in two sections the processes of the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions in England. I have take the opportunity to study the effects of the Industrial revolution in Northampton. This project is written in five main sections. The first will define revolution. The second section will discuss the Agricultural revolution, providing statistics, and discussing the cause and effect of the Agricultural revolution in England. It will also explain what happened in the Agricultural revolution and what changed, explaining how farming methods changed. The third section will discuss the Industrial revolution and its cause and effects. It will show the effects of factory working on the social structure of English life. The fourth section provides an example of the industrial age in Northampton a town that had made shoes for hundreds of years and how the Industrial revolution effected its shoe making techniques. My conclusion, summarises the project and argues if revolution is a good thing and if the effect it had on England changed it for the better or the worse. It will also show the where all the information has come from, (references). 2. What is Revolution? There have been revolutions throughout the history of civilisation and England has not been the only country to experience revolution though they take different forms. From America to Russia there have been revolutions, changing the world we live in today. Some have been violent and claimed many lives and others have just been changes in the way we live and how our community functions. A revolution can be, violent although a revolution is a change of some kind and does not have to be violent. A revolution could be a change in the social structure of a community, a change in political power and government structure, or a religious change. A revolution could also be an advance in industry or agriculture as featured in this project. A revolution can be a sign of discontent or civil disobedience although if a peaceful revolution is taking place, people who do not like what is happening sometimes become violent and cause trouble. The revolt or change must be successful to be a revolution, after a revolution everybody lives in an idealistic dream, but it does not work because the winning party (s) split and the goals fade and a totalitarian regime can take control. After this happens the entire social structure is changed and the community can often end up worse than it was before the revolution began. Plato defined a revolution as; Any attempt by subordinate groups through the use of violence to bring about; 1) A change of government or its policy. 2) A changed of regime 3) A change of society, whether this attempt is justified by reference to past conditions or to an as yet unattained future ideal. The term REVOLUTION is normally used to describe a rapid change, but this is not always so, as we will discover in this report. For example the Industrial Revolution happened over a number of years, and some could argue it took up to a century to finish but according to Platos definition this is not a revolution, but could be described as evolution. My final definition is; A revolution is a typically violent rapid change, in regime, a government or its policy, technology, science or in society. 3. The Agricultural Revolution 3.1 Why did it happen? Unlike many revolutions the Agricultural Revolution worked as an incremental change, one thing happened, which then led to the next and the next. It began in the 1700s with the first enclosure laws and scientists experimenting with new farming methods. Then better breeding techniques were developed, creating bigger and better livestock realising lasting economic benefits. Better farming methods came into action like crop rotation, and then machines, first horse drawn and then with the help of the Industrial Revolution, steam powered. Because of the Industrial Revolution people started moving from the country to the towns and here there was better personal hygiene and new medicines were discovered, bringing around a population increase. Because of fertilisers and better techniques prices dropped and food became easier to obtain, economic growth had begun. For 100s of years economic development had stood still, the modern growth era had begun. Before the 1700s there were few changes in farming but after 1700 people started to make changes to farming, with new scientific investigations, better plants were grown and animals bred. These main factors brought about the Agricultural Revolution and brought about a significant increase in wealth. Before the revolution there was one main farming technique and that was strip farming. This kind of farming was when the land was divided into strips and each peasant had a strip of land to farm. This was not productive so land was fenced off, in 1495-1603 the first enclosure law was passed for sheep. A new law passed between 1750-1831 declared that land was to be farmed in large fields and fenced off. After the strips had been fenced off, crop rotation was used, this is when the crops on fields are changed each year, this provided food for cattle as well as stopping the need for a fallow year (when the land was left unused for a year to regain its nutrients). This was because certain cro ps planted put important elements back into the soil. Crop rotation worked in this way; wheat, root crop, barley, clover. The wheat was used for making bread and feeding people, the root crop was mainly turnips, which would mainly been used for cattle feed, then barley which would have been used for cattle feed as well as for humans, and then clover was planted, the main crop for replacing vital elements in the soil. During the agricultural revolution three million hectares of land was enclosed and farmed with crop rotation. The Agricultural Revolution experienced a number of new inventions and animal breeds. In 1799 Joseph Boyce invented the reaper and in 1701 Jethro Tull invented the horse drawn drill. This invention changed farming for the better, instead of ploughing the land and then just scattering the seeds it ploughed the seeds into the land and covered them. By 1790 the first threshing machines were developed first powered by horse and then by steam. New fertilisers were used like guano, lime gypsum, sandy clay and marl. In 1793 the agricultural society was established and in 1741-1820 Arthur Young informed Europe and America of Englands new discoveries. In 1710 the average weight of cattle was 144Kg but by 1795 it had nearly trebled to 360Kg. Wealthy landowners like Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester, encouraged experimental breeding of sheep and cattle, to produce new, improved, more profitable strains. Every year Coke held a grand assembly at Holkham Hall, his country house. Guests came from all over Europe to discuss new farming ideas. This following quote outlines the main changes of English farming; to give a review of the husbandry which makes this country so famous. Great improvements have been made by means of the following: First: by enclosing without the assistance of Parliament. Second: by the use of marl (powered rock and lime) the clay. Third: rotation of crops: i) turnips; ii) barley; iii) clover; iv) wheat. Fourth: by the culture of turnips well hand-hoed. Fifth: by the culture of clover and ray-grass. Sixth: by the landlords granting long leases. Seventh: by the country being divided into large farms. From The Farmers Tour, Arthur Young, 1771 This source shows the use of machinery on the farms; Machinery was just coming into use on the land. Every autumn appeared as the farmer owned was horse-drawn and was only in partial use. In some fields a horse-drawn drill would sow the seed in rows, in other a human sower would walk up and down with a basket and fling the seed with both hands broadcast. In harvest time, the mechanical reaper was a familiar sight, but it only did a small part of the work. Flora Thompson Lark Rise to Candletord In the 1700s there was only a small population in England mainly in the south west and east Anglia but by 1901 the populati on was spread over the entire country, including Scotland and Wales with most areas with over 520 people per square mile. Between 1801 and 1851 the urban population had doubled and by 1901 it had almost doubled again because of the increasing birth-rate and migration from the country to the towns. The population also increased because between 1870 and 1914 the male and female death rates rapidly dropped. Families became smaller and from 1900 child death rates dropped too. Because of the population increase and dropping prices in farming food prices dropped and farmers became more wealthy and prosperous. There was less competition from abroad and because of a higher population more food was needed. Colonies made plantations in Africa, Asia, Pacific and the Caribbean and soon the first cash crops were made like coffee, tea, bananas and rubber. 3.2 Who lost out? There were few people who lost out in the Agricultural revolution but when the fields were changed from strips to fields the peasants lost their land and often their jobs. They often revolted in small numbers but there was never a full scale battle between the authorities and the peasants. The peasant farmers also lost out when the machines like the tractor were invented and there was less need for human labour and so man y peasants were made redundant. Who Gained? Many of the rich land lords were the main people to gain. They had large areas of land which before were unproductive and did not make them very much money, but when the new farming methods and fertilisers were introduced the land became more productive and the profits rose which made them happy and they could then afford to experiment in breeding bigger, better animals as well as developing new farming techniques. The Industrial Revolution 4.1 Why did it happen? During the industrial revolution there was a huge increase of population which was mainly based in the cities and towns. The Urban population changed from housing a minority of the population in 1801 to housing the majority by 1881 (see charts below). In the early 1700s, most people worked at home, making the slow old traditional way, usually by hand. Men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and weavers, Others were farm labourers, who worked on the land to grow crops to feed their families. Women worked in the home, looked after the animals, cleaned sheep fleeces, and spun wool into yarn for clothes. By the middle of the 19th century, all this had changed, Many British people now lived in towns, and worked in large factories, or in shops, offices, railways and other businesses designed to serve the resident workers of the industrial centres. British inventors continued to develop new machines, which performed the traditional tasks of spinnin g and weaving much faster than by hand. Machines were also used to make iron and steel. These metals were in turn used to make more machines and also to make weapons and tools. Factories housing the new machines made Britain the workshop of the world (a common phrase used by foreign traders). Four main factors helped to bring this change: coal mining, a canal system, money and cheap labour. Coal was used to smelt iron and steel, and to make steam power to power the new machines. Barges carried bulky raw materials and finished goods along the canals. The profits from Britains colonies overseas and years of peace at home meant there were merchants who had money to invest in industry. Poor farm workers, tired of starvation flocked to the towns to find work although they were sometimes worse off than before (see 4.2). Many would still argue that we are still going through an industrial revolution, i.e. it is a progressive continuous change (evolution), that of the computer and space exploration. This extract is called: The marvel of a cotton-spinning factory, 1835 We see a building with a 100 horse power steam engine with the strength of 880 men, working 50, 000 spindles and all the auxiliary machines. It needs only 750 workers to produce as much yarn as would have been spun by 200,000 men: one man now produces as much as 260 did in the old days. History of Cotton, Edward Baines, 1835 The Revolution changed many things like; Textiles The first multi-reel spinning machines, the Spinning Jenny, was made by James Hargreaves in 1764. At first, it was powered by hand but soon the steam version was built. Mines The First steam engine built by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 was used to pump water out of the water logged mines. Steel The Ironworks at Coalbrookdale in England produced more iron than anywhere e lse in Europe. Others were transport, electricity, light bulb and many other new inventions. 4.2 Who lost out? It was the people that moved from the country to the city to find work, who had to live in small, grotty houses with disease and no proper sanitation but the children who moved with their parents suffered too. From the age of six they were in the cotton factories pulling wool etc. out of machines with no safety systems, but worst of all young children had to go down mines where they would be beaten and worked until they were close to dying. Although the adults did suffer, I believe they were the people who gained in the revolution as I will explain in the next section. My proof children lost our in the revolution: Children aged six or seven go down the pit at four in the morning and stay there for 11 or 23 hours a day. Their work is to open and shut the doors of the galleries when the trucks pass: for this the child sits by itself in a dark gallery for all those hours. The peasants moved from a healthy country farming practice, to labourers in unhealthy cities and put in small houses where there was barely one room per person. Who gained? I believe it was the rich entrepreneurs who gained because they had capital they could invest in large factories and they could use that investment to explore new ideas and make more money. Effects of Revolution in Northampton The industrial revolution brought with it new machines and new methods of shoe making . It brought people to the towns and it made city life much more popular. Work was available even though there where machines to help with the work as people were still needed to operate them as the computer had not been invented yet. Factories started to thrive and every day of the week except Sundays the factories were jam packed with people. The machines made work a great deal easier, as the work was so easy the people at the factories could double their out puts so making Northampton a growing city with people moving in to the town for the work and people visiting to buy their shoes. One of the first machines to change shoe making was the sewing machine changed to sewing leather so the needle and thread was not needed. They now had machines to place the insoles and soles and heels onto the shoe so the hammer and nail were made redundant as these machines took over. These machines were wonderful as it made the work a lot easier for the workers. The cutting of the leather didnt change as it was still done with a knife, this is the skilled job of the Tacker. The Industrial Revolution helped to bring a new wealth to Northampton. Owners of factories and the merchants amassed personal wealth from the shoe industry they built large houses in fashionable parts of the town like the race course and Abington Park. They built attractive factories and modern terraced houses for the shoe workers that still exist today even though most of the factories have long since closed. The houses for the workers formed new suburbs around the factories, which included schools, churches, and shopping streets. These areas formed the boundaries of the town until very recently and provided almost all the manufacturing jobs. Conclusion Were the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions really revolutions, or where they the beginning of a evolutionary process. We are still going through the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, new farming methods are still being developed and new technologies are still being produced. I would argue that the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions were the beginning of an evolutionary process and not a revolution which according to many definitions is a rapid change, probably taking up to about three years. Was revolution a good thing for England? The Industrial and Agricultural revolutions were good things for the country as they gave England a new strength and knowledge that nobody else had. They helped the country expand and become more powerful, as well as strengthening our economy. The Agricultural Revolution reduced the risk of famine as the country was not well structured and food was now accessible to all. But who did these revolutions help? Well it definitely wasnt the peasants as they had to live in small cramped conditions with little privacy. They moved from farmers to industrial labourers and for that they had to pay the price of pollution, poor sanitation, long work hours, terrible working conditions. The only people that really benefited were the people with capital who invested their capital into the new factories. The Industrial Revolution helped make them money and that was all they wanted. So the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions were good for the country and the men with capital, but they were not goo d for the peasant farmers who moved from the country. The information in this project has come from the following sources.

Gulf War History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gulf War History - Research Paper Example The main cause of the schism between several countries was the Shiite Sunni split which often led to conflicts and warfare in some cases. Since coming to power, Saddam Hussein, the then president of Iraq, represented the rejectionist Arab states and was considered as one of the most quarrelsome leaders of the gulf countries. He was also considered an arch enemy of Israel. Its hatred against Israel can be summarized by the rhetoric he used very often against the nation, one time saying that he will let fire eat half of Israel if it did anything against Iraq (Bard, 2011). For years, Iraq had considered Kuwait to be a part of its territory and continued to influence the internal politics and working of the state through several means. Furthermore, Iraq was becoming economically weak so it sought to identify alternatives to help strengthen its economic situation. This paper shall analyze how Kuwait was an option in allowing Iraq to recover from its situation. Iraq was considered to be th e belligerent state in this dispute and UN authorized a full fledged coalition attack that aimed to topple Iraq’s incursion into Kuwait and restore the situation as it was before the conflict. Reasons for conflict:- The quarrelsome nature of the Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein made the state prone to violence and unneeded interventions to further individual causes. Furthermore, the war with Iran that ended in 1988 had an enormous economic impact on Iraq and left it on the verge of bankruptcy (HistoryGuy, 2011). Kuwait as natural part of Iraq:- Iraq considered Kuwait its de-facto part for a long period of time despite the latter’s independence on the country. This claim led to numerous confrontations throughout several years and hampered any diplomatic ties between the two countries for years to come. In 1961, Iraq’s president Qasim threatened Kuwait of invoking old ottman claims that were a part of the system during British imperialism. The Iraqri government als o sought to play the role of savior by saying that the Kuwaiti Emir was a highly hated figure within the Kuwait population and that people sought his ouster. Iraq claimed that it would liberate the Kuwaiti country off his tyranny with its intervention (Lowry, 2008). In 1973, Iraq continued to persist with its stance and occupied as-Samitah, a border post on Kuwait-Iraq border. The real dispute, however, began when Iraq demanded to occupy Bubiyan and Warbah (Kuwaiti Islands). This claim got the Arab nations into action and the Arab league called its summit to discuss this quickly boiling situation. A consensus was reached on the point that Iraq will be demanded to withdraw its claims on the said regions (HistoryGuy, 2011). Situation between the two countries was relatively calm during the Iraq-Iran war and Kuwait supported Iraq during this battle. Dispute over Oil:- There was a constant lack of consensus over borders between the two oil rich states and conflicts over ownership of oil reserves was inevitable. The situation started to deteriorate when rich deposits of oil were found at the undefined border between the two states and when Iraq constantly claimed that the Kuwaiti drills were violating Iraq’s territorial integrity by moving across borders to excavate oil. This conflict was triggered by the nature of middle eastern borders, which are not very clearly distinguishable due to desserts and sand (HistoryGuy,

Substituting Nonrenewable Energy with Renewable Energy Research Paper

Substituting Nonrenewable Energy with Renewable Energy - Research Paper Example Statistics have indicated that over 85 percent of the energy used is from non-renewable sources. Examples of non-renewable energy include nuclear power and fossil fuel such as oil and coal (Field et al. 2008). These sources of energy are considered as non-renewable because they cannot be regenerated enough to keep pace with their utilization. On the other hand, renewable energy is generated from natural sources such as tide, rain, sun, and wind and it can be regenerated over and over as and when required. Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible, plenty, and the cleanest sources of energy (Macqueen, 2011). Similarly, energy from biomass from plants, geothermal, and wind can be transformed to electricity for both domestic and industrial use (Field et al. 2008). Environmental problems such pollution and ozone layer depletion resulting from energy wastes have called for the need to substitute non-renewable energy with renewable energy. This is primarily intended to conserve the enviro nment by adopting clean sources of energy, and preserving the scarce sources of non-renewable energy (Macqueen, 2011). The need to substitute a non-renewable biomass energy source by a renewable biomass is of significance because an energy fuel, which increases carbon dioxide concentration, in the atmosphere, is replaced with energy fuel that reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere (Field et al. 2008). Renewable biomass reduces anthropogenic emissions, into the atmosphere because it involves complete energy consumption.

Lab report Finite Elements Analysis of Beam Structural Element Essay

Lab report Finite Elements Analysis of Beam Structural Element - Essay Example The ANSYS Workbench Platform is simulation software used to conduct an analysis or to solve a broad scope of engineering design optimization, computer software development, and mathematical problems. The success of innovative engineering designs can be attributed to the ability to test objects for performance through computer generated applications. The applications allow designers to forecast the success and dependability of a design before it is used in the real world. ANSYS software was created to improve ‘speed, cost effectiveness, and innovation’ (ANSYS, 2013). According to its designers, ANSYS software ‘enables organizations to predict with confidence that their products will thrive in the real world’ (ANSYS, 2013). The ANSYS Workbench platform is the framework for a suite of advanced engineering simulation technology (ANSYS, 2013). The Workbench enables Simulation Driven Product Development with the following components: The objectives for the study include recognizing the scope of Finite Element Applications by creating engineering elements using simulation software. It will also provide experience using the ANSYS platform. A mesh created for Finite Elements possesses a tetrahedral, a pyramid, hexahedra, or a prism. For this study, the hexahedra is used. The mesh for the beam consists of rectangles and triangles. (See attachment) The Bending moment was as expected for the size of the slab. The deflection was also in a normal range. When the beam bends, it loses its original shape and develops internal stress. Compression occurs inside the curve of the beam; and tension occurs on the outer side. In the past, testing the density of materials was much more complicated. Technology has broadened the capabilities for engineers to analyze stress and the composition of materials. CAD applications have provided design concepts for engineers for years. However, the simulations available today such as ANSYS

Easy A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Easy A - Essay Example The next Monday, the two goes to the bathroom, and Rhiannon asks about Olive’s encounter with the college student. Olive lies that she lost her virginity with the fictitious boyfriend on the same weekend. Marianne (Amanda Bynes) overheard the conversation. She then proceeded to spread the rumor about Olive’s promiscuity (Devine, Easy A). Marianne, the religious fanatic, and the school’s chastity queen, blames Olive unexpectedly about her promiscuity. Olive wears a cloth of a notorious student. During the English class, she identifies herself as Hester Prynne, the woman condemned by her neighbors in the novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Devine, Easy A). Olive confides the truth to her bullied gay friend, Brandon, suggesting to her to lie that he had slept with a girl. Brandon asks for help from Olive, and the two pretends to have had sex in a party. Olive’s reputation degrades. Outcast boys offer to pay Olive so as to improve their image too (Devine, Easy A). Her new power even worked for adults. The teacher Mr. Griffith, and his estranged wife, the guidance counselor who ends up entangled in embarrassments. She finally lost control of the situation and had to take an attitude to revert it. The main female character is Olive Penderghast. The real name of the actor is Emma Stones. In the film, she makes an innocent lie to avoid camping with her best friend, Rhiannon, together with her weird parents. She claims she had gone on a date while she had spent the weekend doing tedious things like singing alone in the room, painting her nails and the nails of her dog (Devine, Easy A). Another female character is Marianne, Amanda Bynes. She is the righteous religious girl in the film. She lights the fuse on olive’s lie and goes ahead in spreading it. Rhiannon, Aly Michalka, is also a female character in the film. She sets peak in the play (Devine, Easy A). Olive Penderghast, the virgin high school girl, never wanted to

The Use of Nuclear Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of Nuclear Power - Assignment Example In recent times, various developments have been realized in not only the adoption of nuclear energy as an alternative to fossil fuels but also in related nuclear reactor technology, which has also contributed to the debate. Social implications are obvious and have also been discussed in the current literature. This is a literature review that is focused on the discussion of the adoption of nuclear energy in the world, the recent developments in nuclear reactor technology, and social implications of this type of energy. The 1930s saw the beginning of a long journey to the production of nuclear energy when the understanding of the atom was propagated by Curies, Ernest Rutherford, and Bohr. Prior to the Second World War, there emerged a large incentive and funding, which precipitated the popular Manhattan project. This is the same project that saw the materialization of the first nuclear reaction to be controlled by the man in 1942, which took place at the University of Chicago (Mahaffey, 2010). The development of nuclear reactors was inspired by this historical breakthrough, which saw further efforts directed towards more funding in an effort to advance the creation of advanced reactor technology as well as the developments of the fuel cycle and nuclear material. This development saw the installation of the first nuclear power plant in the United States, which was established in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, the operations of which kicked off in 1957 (Mahaffey, 2010). A major issue that occurred at the plant resulted in its complete closure and decommissioning in 1982, which involved vehement contaminations and extremely low thermal efficiency compared to the energy it was producing – thermal efficiency was 29 percent. The original reactors were Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR), which functioned by keeping liquid water around the core fuel reactor.This literature review has been focused on the development of a basic understanding of nuclear power and how it has developed since its discovery in the 1930s. Recent developments have various social, economic, and environmental implications. An important dimension that this review has taken to account is that do design, which has been used and will be continued to be used in future in dealing with social, economic, and environmental problems related with nuclear energy. In this regard, the problems mentioned, for instance, in the Fukushima Daiichi case, can be avoided in the design phase. Â  

Community Engagement Assignment Earth care Packaging Essay

Community Engagement Assignment Earth care Packaging - Essay Example If unchecked, the pollution might ultimately lead to a corruption of the water-supply and sewer systems around the town. The lake cleaning activity was a joint activity of the Michigan county council and the UNEP. The two organizers not only organized the event but also provided the materials to be used during the cleaning. In line with the course emphasis on ethics and social responsibility as relating to environmental issues, the cleaning was a wakeup call to the obvious harm that industrialization had on the environment. The theme of the exercise was one that called on safe industrialization practices, targeted mainly on the big multi-million dollars so engrossed with their business prospects that they pay little heed to the cry to spare the environmental. The address on the ethical decisions and procedures in the disposal of their waste materials should take more into account the impact it has on the general society. As such, the role of social of ensuring the environment is clean or healthy should not be delegated only to the town council or other green world movements but should be adopted as an obligation of every individual. This is the meaning of social responsibility. When applied to the industry, the right term will be corporate social responsibility. The amount of personal satisfaction that I derived from engaging in this activity was really fulfilling. I was able, to not only engage my time in a worthy cause but was also able to gain a wealth of knowledge about how simple acts such as littering the pathways might ultimately lead to such bigger environmental problems as global warming, more often than not resulting in untold misery not only to plants and animals, but also to the human beings. By participating in this activity, I learnt of the immense role and power of an individual in ensuring the preservation of the environment. I learnt that social responsibility starts with an

Chronic Medical Conditions and Health Surveillance Essay

Chronic Medical Conditions and Health Surveillance - Essay Example In order to control her blood pressure, she was started on an antihypertensive. The patient then sustained a fall which was not accompanied by any episodes of altered consciousness. Falls are a commonly encountered issue amongst the elderly and studies have revealed that they amount to almost 60% of the hospital admissions in the UK National Health Service (NHS) amongst the elderly (Oliver, 2007, p. 173). In order to decipher the cause of the fall, a focused history regarding the events preceding and following the fall should be obtained. In the case of this patient, she reports that the fall occurred when she stood up from a chair and was preceded by an episode of feeling ‘giddy’. Since she denies any aura, alteration of consciousness, post-ictal events, persisting weakness or loss of function in any part of the body after the fall, and this is verified by her husband who was present at the time of the incident, most common neurologic causes of the fall such as stroke o r seizures can be ruled out. Similarly, as she denies any chest pain or palpitations, cardiac causes such as arrhythmias and angina/myocardial infarction also become unlikely as the cause of the fall. ... system covers the commonest causes of falls amongst the elderly, whereby D refers to Drugs and alcohol; A refers to age-related physiological changes, such as impaired balance and postural instability, reduced vision and increased reaction time; M refers to medical causes and E refers to environmental causes (Oliver, 2007). Drugs/medications are amongst the top causes of falls amongst elderly especially due to the multiple co-morbidities that are commonly found amongst elderly patients, the problem of poly-pharmacy leading to drug interactions is quite common in this population of individuals. Therefore, obtaining a careful drug history and ruling out any drug over dosage, interactions and adverse effects leading to a fall is important in elderly patients. A critical analysis of the patient’s medication history reveals that the patient was started on Atenolol, at a starting dose of 400mg BID, which amounts to 800mg of Atenolol per day. Atenolol belongs to a class of anti-hyper tensives termed as beta blockers, and is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs from this class (Carlberg, Samuelsson, & Lindholm, 2004, p. 1684). Atenolol is a cardio-selective beta blocker, i.e. it only acts on beta-1 receptors, which are the predominant type of receptors in the heart. Such beta blockers spare the beta-2 receptors, which are the predominant type of receptors located in the lungs and the vascular smooth muscle and are thus free from side effects such as bronchospasm, which were previously commonly encountered with the use of non-selective beta blockers (Medic8, 2010). Previously, beta blockers such Atenolol were considered to be the first-line agent in the management of hypertensive patients, but more recently, the use of these agents as the drug of choice for hypertension

Business Economics Essay Example for Free

Business Economics Essay Cindy wants to invest in a new business that involves the installation of solar panels. In order to make an informed decision on this business venture, she will need to review potential profit/loss in the solar panel industry by considering future prospects for this type of business. Cindy also needs to decide whether she will invest her own funds or borrow the money to start the business. The imminent growth of the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is almost certain. When observing the rising costs of coal and natural gas prices, the decrease of PV system costs, and the government support of solar technology, the PV market looks to have a significant increase in volume over the next few years. According to SolarBuzz, a website dedicated to Solar Power and Energy, The solar PV industry has reached a critical tipping point, with end-market demand hitting record levels almost every quarter. This growth is being driven by leading module suppliers and project developers that returned to profitability during 2013, and which have now established highly-effective global sales and marketing networks.† (NPD Group, Inc., 2013) The article also states that â€Å"demand in Q1’14 will also achieve record-breaking status, as the strongest first-quarter ever seen by the PV industry.† (NPD Group, Inc., 2013) The cost of production for solar panels has decreased significantly. â€Å"The average cost for tier 1 solar photovoltaic manufacturers is expected to fall 6% during 2014, continuing the downward trend set in place since 2008, bringing the overall cost to a record low of $0.20 per watt, according to the latest research from NPD. (NPD Group, Inc., 2013) Further consumer incentives include lower utility bills, increased tax credits and higher resale values. â€Å"Homes with solar-power system using photovoltaic (PV) panels sell for an average of $24,705 more than homes without PV systems, research finds.† (Tanaka, 2014) The government supports the concept of solar power and aims to make it a major energy source. â€Å"Solar power as cheap as coal†¦ that is the holy grail of the solar power industry† (R. Glenn Hubbard, 2012) Government support includes generous subsidies to the consumer and producers of the PV industry. â€Å"Government agencies, utilities and others offer a variety of tax credits, rebates and other incentives to support energy efficiency, encourage the use of renewable energy sources, and support efforts to conserve energy and lessen pollution.† (Energy, 2014) I see four main factors influencing the price elasticity of demand: †¢Availability of close substitutes. Are there many available close substitutes for solar panels? The demand will tend to be elastic if Cindy and her customer can switch among the various types of PV’s for the same desired feature. †¢Are PV’s a necessity or a luxury? Currently, PV’s would be considered an elastic form of energy because there are other forms of electricity (coal/power plants). We once considered personal computers a luxury and they are now a necessity. Perhaps PV’s will be viewed the same way in the future. †¢How much of my income will PV’s consume? A large portion of consumer’s income equals elasticity. What portion of income can your client devote to the cost of solar panels? If it is a large share (elastic), what tradeoffs will client need to consider to make it a worthwhile purchase? †¢What is the time horizon when making decisions on PV’s? PV systems have productive life cycles of 30-50 years. (Brownson, 2014) A longer time horizon is said to be elastic. Recommendations Upon review of various criteria such as elasticity of demand, cost of production, etc, I would encourage Cindy to pursue this business venture. This sector is set to grow exponentially in the future. The fall in solar PV prices as well as other incentives will cause higher demand for  installation. This will benefit Cindy’s new business venture by bringing more installation business and lower input costs. This can be seen in the demand supply figure: It also makes good economic sense for Cindy to borrow money for her solar panel business venture as the government provides various subsidies to businesses involved in clean energy. â€Å"In total, the federal energy tax subsidies will cost more than $16 billion in 2013, up from only $5 billion in 2005.† (Bastach, 2013) Cindy can benefit from a piece of the clean energy subsidy pie. Bibliography Bastach, M. (2013, March 13). Most energy tax subsidies go toward green energy, energy efficiency. Retrieved from The Daily Caller: http://dailycaller.com/2013/03/14/cbo-most-energy-tax-subsidies-go-toward-green-energy-energy-efficiency/ Brownson, J. (2014, May 25). Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering. Retrieved from Penn State University: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme810/node/593 Energy, U. D. (2014, may 25). Tax Credits, Rebates, and Savings. Retrieved from Energy.gov: http://energy.gov/savings NPD Group, Inc. (2013, December). Solarbuzz. Retrieved from Solarbuzz: http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/recent-findings/strong-growth-forecast-solar-pv-industry-2014-demand-reaching-49-gw R. Glenn Hubbard, A. P. (2012). Economics. VitalSouce bookshelf version. Tanaka, S. (2014, May 22). Payback Time for Solar-Power Energy Systems. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304198504579571960667560156?mg=reno64-wsjurl=http%3A%2F%2Fo nline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304198504579571960667560156.html

Discrimination and the Arts Essay Example for Free

Discrimination and the Arts Essay 1. W.E.B Du Bois makes a strong and persuasive argument about â€Å"double consciousness† and racial struggle in America. ANSWER THIS QUESTION: Do you agree that â€Å"art†Ã¢â‚¬â€broadly defined—can be an antidote or a form of resistance against certain kinds of discrimination? 2. Take a position on this issue by first exploring at least three of our course texts, starting with Du Bois and leading through several of our other readings (Martin Luther King, Alice Walker, bell hooks, or any of the other writers we’ve read in this unit or the previous unit on disability). IN OTHER WORDS, you must use Du Bois and at least two other authors in Cultural Conversations. Is there, for example, an art to the practice of nonviolence such as King describes, or to the use of language discussed in Linton and Slackjaw? 3. Ultimately, your exploration of these connected ideas should lead to a clear position of your own, and you must demonstrate in this paper that you can synthesize a number of differing ideas in the pursuit of your own argument. We will discuss strategies to do so in class. 4. Provide an example from contemporary culture of people resisting (or not resisting) discrimination. Use this example to demonstrate your position on art as resistance. Consider questions such as: would art have helped the less empowered people fight back? Did art play a part in the arguments against discrimination? In what ways does art address discrimination in your example? You may use print or web sources for this example as long as you document these carefully. In addition, you must define what you mean by â€Å"art† in order to construct a strong argument. 5. Include in your paper an acknowledgement and rebuttal of an opposing or counter-argument. This section of your paper may be short, but it is a vital aspect of your paper, so don’t forget to include it. IN OTHER WORDS, give the other side of your answer to the top question about art as an effective form of resistance and then argue against it. If you answer â€Å"yes,† then say how people could argue â€Å"no† and argue against them. 6. You will need to use at least five sources for this paper: THREE from Cultural Conversations (Du Bois plus two others) and TWO related to your example (they can be nonscholarly). 7. GRADING BASED ON: forming a thesis, showing originality, constructing and organizing your argument, using  textual evidence, showing you understand the main themes of the course/unit, meeting stylistic and grammatical standards, and finding and using sources. 8. Use MLA format and citation style. Also use 1 inch margins and Times New Roman or similar font. No cover page please. Number your pages and include a header with your name and my name on it. Staple your paper. Don’t forget a title. Proofread. W.E.B. Du Bois Marcus Garvey Booker T. Washington Langston Hughes Anna Julia Cooper Frances E.W. Harper Anonymous Reviewer Lifting the Veil of Ignorance, B.T. Washington Memorial at Tuskegee University From Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952): â€Å"Then in my minds eye I see the bronze statue of the college Founder, the cold Father symbol, his hands outstretched in the breathtaking gesture of lifting a veil that flutters in hard, metallic folds above the face of a kneeling slave; and I am standing puzzled, unable to decide whether the veil is really being lifted, or lowered more firmly in place; whether I am witnessing a revelation or a more efficient blinding.† Bob Marley â€Å"Redemption Song† â€Å"Emancipate yourself from mental slavery None but ourselves can free our minds.† Langston Hughes â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† Frances E.W. Harper â€Å"The Burdens of All† From W.E.B. Du Bois’ Criteria of Negro Art: PAGE 160: â€Å"The apostle of beauty thus becomes the apostle of truth and right not by choice but by inner and outer compulsion. Free he is but his freedom is ever bounded by truth and justice; and slavery only dogs him when he is denied the right to tell the truth or recognize an ideal of justice†¦ Thus, all art is propaganda and ever must be, despite the wailing of the purists†¦ I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda. But I do care when propaganda is confined to one side while the other is stripped and silent.†

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language Essay

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language Essay A Fraction has two parts that tell us what it denotes. The first part is the top number or the numerator. The numerator is the number of pieces you have. The second part of a fraction is the bottom number called the denominator (THINK: Downominator). The denominator is the number of pieces the whole thing is divided into. Example: 3/4 means: We have 3 pieces of something. The whole thing is divided into 4 pieces. Each piece is a quarter (1/4) of the whole thing. There are three types of fraction: [Picture may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] We define the three types of fractions like this: Proper Fractions [glossary term; a fraction where the top number is smaller than the bottom number. http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+proper+fractionFORM=DTPDIA] A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. In other words, the numerator is less than the denominator. Examples: 1/3, 3/4, 2/7 1/2 etc. This is the type of fraction we typically think of when we are sharing or splitting something up. Improper Fractions [glossary term; a fraction where the top number is bigger than the top number. http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+improper+fractionFORM=DTPDIA] An improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or equal to its denominator. In other words, the numerator is bigger than or the same size as the denominator. We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy. In the examples below, notice how the top number is bigger than the bottom number? That makes it an Improper Fraction. Examples: 4/3, 11/4, 3/2, 7/4, 16/15, 99/5 The term IMPROPER suggests that you shouldnt use it or that its incorrect in some way, but there is nothing wrong about Improper Fractions. As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are very friendly to use. We know that when the numerator is less than the denominator it is called a proper fraction. When the numerator is greater than the denominator it is called an improper fraction. What do we call the fraction when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ? [Picture may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] In this instance where the numerator is the same as the denominator, the number of pieces you have are the same as the number of pieces the whole is divided into. We define this as 1, just as a pizza is a WHOLE pizza when it has all of its slices. Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1. Examples: 4/4 = 1 and 7/7 = 1 [BEGIN YOUR TURN perhaps this could be done as a drag and drop.] Match each fraction with its appropriate term, PROPER, IMPROPER or WHOLE Answers 5/8 PROPER 8/5 IMPROPER 8/8 WHOLE 7/6 IMPROPER 6/7 PROPER 7/7 WHOLE 21/5 IMPROPER 5/21 PROPER 21/21 WHOLE 3/100 PROPER 100/3 IMPROPER 100/100 WHOLE [END YOUR TURN] Mixed Fractions or Mixed Numbers [glossary term; a fraction number consisting of a proper fraction and a whole number together http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+mixed+numberFORM=DTPDIA] A whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or also known as a Mixed Number. Examples: 1 1/3, 2 1/4, 16 2/5 [Pictures may need to be redone. Taken from http://www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html] 1 3/4 Â   1 1/4 = 2 3/8 A mixed number consists of an integer followed by a proper fraction. Mixed fractions are typically used in everyday/normal conversation. Remember that fractions are used to count a part of something or a group. Â ¼ of this 1 whole square is red. Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. How many of the following squares are red? There are 5 whole squares and part of another square. We write it like this 5 1/4. When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth. This is similar to writing 5 + Â ¼ , but, we dont write the + in written form. In word form addition is the same as the word AND. [BEGIN YOUR TURN] This would be a great spot for an interactive video like this onehttp://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/WebLessons/MixedNumbers/default.htm [END YOUR TURN] [BEGIN YOUR TURN] This would be a great spot for an interactive game to play with mixed numbers like this one http://www.mrnussbaum.com/sal/index.html This is very fun stuff! [END YOUR TURN] [BEGIN REVIEW] 1. A mixed number is _________________ a number made up of a whole number and a fraction. *Always Sometimes Never Feed back: By definition 2. An improper fraction should never be used as an answer to a math problem. True *False Feed back: Improper fractions will make solving math problems easier as you get into high levels of mathematics. 3. A proper fraction is _______________ used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 4. Which is the correct mathematical description for the following picture? *5/8 1 5/8 eight fifths 4 and 1/8 Feedback: the pizza is divided into 8 pieces. 5 of the pieces are showing. Use a proper fraction of 5/8. 5. How would you describe the following picture in words to your friend? There are twelve fifteenths pentagons. *There are two and two fifths pentagons. There are two fifths pentagons. There are two whole pentagons and a fraction more. Feed back: There are two and two fifths pentagons. We use mixed fractions in everyday language. [END REVIEW] [BEGIN QUIZ] 1. A proper fraction is _________________ a number made up of a whole number and a fraction. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 2. Improper fractions are friendly to use in mathematics problems but are not used in everyday language. *True False 3. A mixed number is _______________ used when you need to count the fractional pieces of something. Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. 4. Which is the correct mathematical description for the following picture? 11/12 *5 1/2 six halves five and one twoths Feedback: There are 5 full circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another. 5. What term would you use to describe the number of blue blocks below to your friend? proper fraction improper fraction *mixed number fraction Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. [END QUIZ] [BEGIN TEST] 1. A proper fraction is _________________ a fraction where the numerator is larger than the denominator Always Sometimes *Never Feed back: A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1. 2. The term Improper fraction simply means the numerator is larger than the denominator. *True False 3. A mixed fraction is _______________ the same as a mixed number. *Always Sometimes Never Feed back: The terms mixed numbers and mixed fractions are interchangeable and used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. 4. Which picture below represents the improper fraction 5/2? * Feedback: There are 5 full circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another. 5. What term would you use to describe the of the nail below to your friend? proper fraction improper fraction *mixed number fraction Feed back: Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. [END TEST] CONCLUSION: A Fraction has two parts that tell us what it denotes. The first part is the top number or the numerator. The numerator is the number of pieces you have. The second part of a fraction is the bottom number called the denominator (THINK: Downominator). The denominator is the number of pieces the whole thing is divided into. There are three types of fraction: Proper Fractions A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. Improper Fractions An improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or equal to its denominator. We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy. . As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are very friendly to use. Mixed Fractions or Mixed Numbers A whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or also known as a Mixed Number Mixed fractions are typically used in everyday/normal conversation. Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time. We write it like this 5 Â ¼ When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth. .When is a fraction a WHOLE? when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ? Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1.

Faith in Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Brown YGB Nathanie

Faith in Young Goodman Brown In Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne introduces Goodman Brown, who doubts himself and reiterates his false confidence to himself repeatedly. His struggle between the evil temptations, the devil, and the proper church abiding life, is a struggle he does not think he can handle. This story is about a man who challenges his faith in himself and in the community in which he resides. Goodman Brown must venture on a journey into the local forest, refuse the temptations of the devil, and return to the village before the sunrise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story is set in the forest of Salem, Massachusetts, around the time of the witch trials. Goodman Brown is a Puritan, and Salem is a Puritan village appears to be a good Christian community in the beginning of the story. Hawthorne once again criticizes a Puritan community or the religious community of his time through this short story. In this short story, Hawthorne criticizes the Puritans who take the words of Bible without interpretation, and who believe they are pure but inside the evil resides just as in the people they persecute.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story begins with Goodman Brown leaving the house at sunset while his wife, Faith, trying to persuade Goodman to depart at sunrise. Brown starts his journey to the darkness that awaits for him in the forest where Puritans believe the devil lives. Hawthorne seems to be using many symbolisms in the story such as Goodman's wife Faith which symbolizes his real faith in God. Goodman leaves his faith behind him and set forth into his journey with his own strength and power. Although he felt guilty leaving his Faith back home in their early stage of marriage, he justifies this guilt by swearing that after this night he will "cling to her skirt and follow her to heaven." However, will there be another day for Goodman Brown to share his life with Faith? Although his faith, described with "pink ribbon," is sincere, pure, and innocent, is his will stong enough to walk though "a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest?" Goodman believes nothing can tempt his faith, not even a devil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon entering the forest he is suspicious of every rock and tree, thinking something evil will jump out at him. A man waits for Goodman in the forest and then walks by Goodman's side. Although the narrator does not say this man is the ... ...en he reaches the final destination where whole community is there to participate in satanic acts, a little faith he has to the community and himself are completely destroyed. The devil has apparently infested all of the Puritan's souls with sin at least to the eyes of Goodman Brown. While he tries to help his wife Faith from the devil, he wakes up from imagination or dream in the forest wondering what has happened in the previous night. Whether the scenes he witnessed were real or his imagination, Goodman believes what he remembers and trusts no one in the village when he returns, not even his wife. Goodman seems to live the rest of his life with misery and distrust. In the beginning of the story, Goodman is a faithful man who is able to pass any temptation the devil gives him. He is happy with the community and his faith until his trip. Upon his discovery of Satanic acts of the community, he becomes an evil himself. When Goodman comes back he thinks he is better than the rest and judges everyone instantly. Young Goodman Brown fails the test of the devil completely not only because he loses his faith in living life, but also he has no hope after life since he became an evil.

The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire Essay -- History, The Zionists, Jew

Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, The Arab-Israeli conflict began in earnest. As the years went on and the conflict escalated it gradually shifted from a large scale Arab–Israeli issue to the more personal Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The issue that divided both parties is primarily a territorial concern based on secular belief. Zionists belief that God had made a covenant with the Jewish people to return them to the Land of Canaan or the Biblical Promise land (Christian Zionists share sympathize with the Jews, based on common backgrounds). Yet in the Quran, as espoused by the Prophet Muhammad, the lands of Jerusalem are said to be the holiest of all Arabic lands. Three movements would develop in response to these deep divisions. The Zionism movement, the Arabism movement, and the Palestinian movement. The Zionism movement, as outlined by Theodore Hertzl in his pamphlet The Jewish State, concerns itself with the creation, and later preservation of the Jewis h state. The Arabism movement seeks to shine light on a shared cultural heritage between the Arabic nations and to consolidate each nation into a collective whole. Palestinian nationalism, emerged from Arabism, and concerns itself with recapturing the sovereignty of their historic home that they believe was taken from them by western powers and given to the Jews. All three of these nations owe their creation and continued existence to each other. And while each party has their deep difference they share parraelles and common goals that will be outlined in this paper. The word Zion means harmonized community or utopia, and is a reference to the biblical land of Israel as outlined in the Jewish Torah in the books Exodus and Genesis. The secular belief championed by... ...ents’ remains perpetually intertwined in a game of cause and effect. Zionism sought the solution to years of persecution of the Jews and eventually found that solution in their biblical home of Israel, cast out from this territory the Palestinian’s, who had been brought togetheher by Arabism, assumed the role of those in Diaspora, and sought a return to the homeland they believe is there’s. Although they would never admit it to each other each of these movements has more in common then they think. They rotate around each other like the earth around its axis, perpetually cycling into one another, championing the same complains, the same causes, and same animosities that they’ve had for thousands of years. The Arab-Israel conflict when put on paper is a series of parallel lines with occasional intersection, but never a unified theme and always an incomplete picture.

Essay --

%tim's tictactoe final project for ENGR 120 computational tools function tttprog() %builds UI screen f = figure('Name','Tic-Tac-Toe','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[5, 5, 15, 11]); %keeps track of turns - 0:X 1:O global turn turn = 0; %add buttons global b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b1 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[1, 7, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b2 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[4, 7, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b3 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[7, 7, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b4 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[1, 4, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b5 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[4, 4, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b6 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Units','centimeters',... 'Position',[7, 4, 3, 3],'FontSize',36,'Callback',@onPush); b7 = uicontrol(f,'Style','pushbutton','Uni...

Green Building Guide

 ® IGBC Green Homes  ® IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide April 2009 Confederation of Indian Industry CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre  ® IGBC Green Homes  ® IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide April 2009 Confederation of Indian Industry CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Copyright Copyright  © 2008 by the Indian Green Building Council. All rights reserved. The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) authorises you to view the IGBC Green Homes Version 1. Abridged Reference Guide for your individual use. You agree not to sell or modify the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide or to reproduce, display or distribute IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide in any way for any public or commercial purpose, including display on a website or in a networked environment. Unauthorised use of the IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide violates copyright, trademark and other laws and is prohibited. Note that the National an d local codes, norms, etc. , used in the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide are in the public domain.All other content in the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide are owned by the Indian Green Building Council and are protected by copyright. Disclaimer None of the parties involved in developing the IGBC Green Homes Version 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide, including the Indian Green Building Council assume any liability or responsibility, to the user or any third parties for any injuries, losses or damages arising out of such use. Indian Green Building Council C/o Confederation of Indian Industry CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Survey No. 64, Kothaguda Post Near Kothaguda Cross Roads, R R Dist Hyderabad – 500 032 2Acknowledgements The IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide has been made possible through the efforts of many dedicated volunteers, staff members and others in the IGBC community. The Reference Guide was developed by the IGBC Green Homes Core Committee and many other members. We extend our deepest gratitude to all these members. Tremendous inputs also came in at the ‘IGBC Green Homes’ launch on 02 May 2008, which had an overwhelming response from stakeholders all over the country. IGBC places on record its sincere thanks to the participating companies and individuals who enthusiastically volunteered during the break-out sessions.Our special thanks to the following members for their participation and contributions in developing the rating programme: †¢ Mr Sharukh Mistry, Chairman, IGBC – Green Homes Steering Committee & Director, Mistry Architects, Bangalore †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dr Prem C Jain, Chairman, Indian Green Building Council & Chairman and Managing Director, Spectral Services Consultants Private Limited, Noida Mr Sanjay Seth, Energy Economist, Bureau of Energy of Efficiency, New Delhi Mr V Madhwa Raja, Superintendin g Engineer, HMDA, Hyderabad Mr Arjun Valluri,Chairman, Surya Ray, Hyderabad Mr Ankoor Sanghvi, Architect, Ankoor Sanghvi Architects, Rajkot Dr Archana Walia, Programme Management Specialist, USAID, New Delhi Mr Chandrashekar Hariharan, CEO, Biodiversity Conservation [India] Limited, Bangalore Mr C. N. Raghavendran, Chairman, IGBC-Chennai Chapter & Partner, CRN Architects & Engineers, Chennai Mr C Shekar Reddy, President, Builders Forum, Hyderabad Mr Gerard Da Cunha, Proprietor, Architecture Autonomous, Goa Mr H N Daruwalla, Vice President, Godrej & Boyce Mfg.Co. Ltd. , Mumbai Mr Jaffer A A Khan, Principal Architect, JDS Architects, Bangalore Mr Jahangir Yar Khan, General Manager-Projects, Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai †¢ †¢ Dr Jyotirmay Mathur, Reader, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur Mr K K Bhattacharya, Sr. Executive Director, DLF Utilities Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Mr K P Ragh avan, Vice President & Head – Buildings & Factories Sector, Larsen & Toubro Ltd. Chennai Mr K R Gopinath, Chairman, KRG Rainwater Foundation, Chennai Ms Meenu Garg, Consultant, Hyderabad Mr Pawan Malhotra, Managing Director, Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd, Mumbai Mr Rajan Rawal, Professor, CEPT University, Ahmedabad Mr Rajan Venkateswaran, Chief Architect, Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Chennai Mr Rumi P Engineer, Dy. General Manager, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co.Ltd, Mumbai Mr R Sri Kumar, Additional Director General of Police, Chairman and Managing Director, Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation Limited, Bangalore Mr Sanjay Chawla, Chairman, IGBC – Hyderabad Chapter, Business Head (Commercial and SEZ), Maytas Properties Ltd, Hyderabad Ms Suhasini Ayer, Architect, Auroville Design Consultants, Pondicherry Mr Vidur Bharadwaj, Chairman, IGBC – Delhi Chapter & Managing Partner, Design & Development Consultants, New Delhi Dr Vishal Garg, Associate Professor, Centre for IT in Building Science, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad Mr Zubin Irani, Managing Director, Carrier Airconditioning & Refrigeration Limited, Gurgaon †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4Our sincere thanks are due to the following organisations for their participation in the programme: †¢ Adapt Technologies & Consultancy Services India Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ ADC KRONE ,Bangalore †¢ Advance Cooling Towers Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ AFRA Consultancy, Hyderabad †¢ Ala Inc, Chennai †¢ Aliens Developers Private Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Altimate Envirocare Asia Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Aluplast India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Ankoor Sanghvi Architects, Rajkot †¢ Armstrong World Ind. India Pvt Ltd , Bangalore †¢ Architecture Autonomous, Goa †¢ Architect Hafeez Contractor, Mumbai †¢ Asahi India Glass Limited (AIS),Hyderaba d †¢ Auroville Design Consultants, Pondicherry †¢ Bamboo Finance, Switzerland †¢ Blue Run V entures, New Delhi †¢ Blue Star Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Brigade Group, Bangalore †¢ Buhari Holdings Private Limited, Chennai †¢ Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi †¢ Conserve Consultants Pvt.Ltd, Chennai †¢ Carrier Airconditioning & Refrigeration Limited, Gurgaon †¢ CEPT University, Ahmedabad †¢ CRN Architects & Engineers, Chennai †¢ CSR Estates, Hyderabad †¢ Design & Development Consultants, New Delhi †¢ DLF Services Limited, Gurgaon †¢ DLF Utilities Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon †¢ Dow Chemical International Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ DSL Infrastructure & Space Developers, Hyderabad †¢ Dynacraft Air Controls , Mumbai †¢ Emaar MGF Land Limited, New Delhi †¢ EN3 Consulting, Chennai †¢ KRG Rainwater Foundation, Chennai †¢ KRVIA, Mumbai †¢ L&T Infocity Limited, Hyder abad †¢ Larsen & Toubro Limited, Chennai †¢ Lodha Group of Companies, Mumbai †¢ Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd, Mumbai â⠂¬ ¢ Maithel & Associates Architects Pvt.Ltd, Jaipur †¢ Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur †¢ Manasaram Architects, Bangalore †¢ Master Consultancy & Productivity Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Maxvel Technologies Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Maytas Properties Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Mistry Architects, Bangalore †¢ Mozaic Design Combine, Goa †¢ Nippon Paint (India) Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Oceanus Infrastructure (P) Ltd, Bangalor e †¢ Olympia Tech Park, Chennai †¢ Orbit Group, Kolkata †¢ Owens Corning Enterprise (India) Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Parsvnath Developers Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Potential Service Consultants (P) Ltd, Bangalore †¢ Prasad Escendo Consultancy, Hyderabad †¢ Rajarathnam Constructions (P) Ltd, Chennai †¢ Rajco Metal Industries Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ RITES Ltd, Gurgaon †¢ Roads and Buildings Dept. , Govt. , AP, Hyderabad †¢ S V Properties, Hyderabad †¢ S&S Constructions (India) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Sai Construction Corporation, Hyderabad †¢ Saint – Gobain Glass India Ltd, Chennai †¢ Sangam Project Consultants, Mumbai †¢ Satya Vani Project & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi 5 Energy Conservation Mission, Hyderabad †¢ Everest Industries Ltd, Gopalapuram Tamilnadu †¢ ETA Engineering Private Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Eximcorp India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia, Hyderabad †¢ Forbo Flooring India, New Delhi †¢ Forum (FBH), Hyderabad †¢ Genesis Planner (Pvt) Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Gherzi Eastern Limited, Mumbai †¢ Ghosh, Bose & Associates, Kolkata †¢ GMR Hyderabad Intl. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Godrej Properties, Mumbai †¢ Greentech Knowledge Solutions (P) Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Green Tek Indika (GTI), Hyderabad †¢ Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Hydera bad †¢ Honeywell, Chennai †¢ Indu Projects Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Infinity Infotech Parks Ltd, Kolkata †¢ Infinity Township Pvt.Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Infosys BPO Limited, Bangalore †¢ Interface Flor India Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad †¢ JDS Architects, Bangalore †¢ Johnson Control s, Mumbai †¢ Jones Lang LaSalle Meghraj, Gurgaon †¢ Kalpataru Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation Limited, Bangalore †¢ Khivraj Tech Park Pvt Ltd, Chennai †¢ Kirloskar Brothers Ltd, Coimbatore †¢ K Raheja Corp, Mumbai †¢ Sequoia Capital India Advisors Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore †¢ Sevcon (India) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi †¢ SEW Constructions Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Shapoorji Pallonji & Company Limited, Mumbai †¢ Shika Management Services, Hyderabad †¢ Shilpa Architects, Chennai †¢ SMR Builders Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ SMR Live Spaces, Hyderabad à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Spectral Services Consultants Private Limited, Noida †¢ Srinivasa Shipping & Property Development Ltd, Chennai †¢ Studio Decode, Bangalore †¢ Suchirindia Developers Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Sugan Automatics Pvt.Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Surbana International Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Supreme Petrochem Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Tameer Consulting Associates, Hyderabad †¢ Tata Housing Development Co. Ltd , Bangalore †¢ Team Labs & Consultants, Jaipur †¢ Terra Verde Architects, Hyderabad †¢ The Indian Institute of Architects, New Delhi †¢ Total Environment, Bangalore †¢ TSI Ventures, Bangalore †¢ UNUS Architects and Interior Designers, Hyderabad †¢ U P Twiga Fiberglass Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ USAID, New Delhi †¢ Vida Calma Homes Private Limited, Goa †¢ Virtuoso Consultants, Hyderabad †¢ Voltas Limited, Hyderabad †¢ V Raheja Design Construction , Bangalore 6  ® Contents Foreword from Indian Green Building Council IGBC Green Homes 9 10 11 11 12 14 17 18Introduction Benefits of Green Homes National Priorities addressed in the Rating system IGBC Green Home Rating System IGBC Green Home Process Updates and Addenda Green Homes Project Checklist Site Selection and Planning Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Site Credit 1. 0 Site Credit 2. 0 Site Credit 3. 0 Site Credit 4. 0 Site Credit 5. 0 Site Credit 6. 0 Site Credit 7. 0 Water Efficiency Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Water Credit 1. 0 Water Credit 2. 0 Water Credit 3. 0 Water Credit 4. 0 Water Credit 5. 0 Water Credit 6. 0 Water Credit 7. 0 Water Credit 8. 0 Water Credit 9. 0 Energy Efficiency Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Energy Credit 1. 0 Energy Credit 2. 0 Energy Credit 3. 0 Energy Credit 4. 0 Energy Credit 5. 0 Energy Credit 6. Energy Credit 7. 0 Energy Credit 8. 0 CFC-Free Equipment Minimum Energy Performance Energy Per formance Energy Metering Refrigerators Solar Water Heating Systems : 50%,75%,95% Captive power Generation Onsite Renewable Energy : 2. 5%, 5. 0%, 7. 5%, 10% Efficient Luminaries & Lighting Power Density: 20% Energy Saving Measures in other Appliances & Equipment 7 Local Regulations Soil Erosion Basic Amenities Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 20% Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Parking Facilities for Visitors Electric Charging Facility for Vehicles Design for Differently Abled Green Home Guidelines – Design & Post Occupancy 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Water Efficient Fixtures Turf Design : 20%,40% Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Management of Irrigation Systems Rainwater Harvesting, 75%, 95% Grey Water Treatment : 50%,75%,95% Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%,75%,95% Treated Grey Water for Flushing : 50%,75%,95% Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Metering 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 50 51 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 Mate rials Mandatory Requirement 1 Materials Credit 1. 0 Materials Credit 2. 0 Materials Credit 3. 0 Materials Credit 4. 0 Materials Credit 5. 0 Materials Credit 6. 0 Materials Credit 7. 0 Separation of Wastes Waste Reduction during Construction : 75% Organic Waste Management, Post Occupancy : 50%, 95% Materials with Recycled Content : 10%, 20% Rapidly Renewable Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Local Materials : 50%, 75% Reuse of Salvaged Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Certified Wood Based Materials and Furniture: 50%, 75% 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73Indoor Environmental Quality Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Mandatory Requirement 3 IEQ Credit 1. 0 IEQ Credit 2. 0 IEQ Credit 3. 0 IEQ Credit 4. 0 IEQ Credit 5. 0 IEQ Credit 6. 0 IEQ Credit 7. 0 Innovation and Design Process INN Credit 1. 1 INN Credit 1. 2 INN Credit 1. 3 INN Credit 2. 0 Annexure Abbreviations Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design process Innovation and Design Process IGBC AP 91 91 91 92 93 103 Tobacco Smoke Control D aylighting : 50% Fresh Air Ventilation Exhaust Systems Enhanced Fresh Air Ventilation : 30% Low VOC Materials Carpets : 5% Building Flush Out Daylighting : 75%, 85%, 95% Cross Ventilation 75 76 78 80 81 83 85 86 87 89 8Foreword from the IGBC India is witnessing tremendous growth in infrastructure and construction development. The construction industry in India is one of the largest economic activities and is growing at an average rate of 9. 5% as compared to the global average of 5%. As the sector is growing rapidly, preserving the environment poses a host of challenges. To enable the construction industry to be environmentally sensitive, CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre has established the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). IGBC is a consensus driven not-forprofit council representing the building industry, consisting of more than 500 committed members.The council encourages builders, developers and owners to build green to enhance the economic and environmental perform ance of buildings. The Green Building Movement in India has been spearheaded by IGBC since 2001, by creating national awareness. The council’s activities have enabled a market transformation with regard to Green Building concepts, materials and technologies. IGBC continuously works to provide tools that facilitate the adoption of green building practices in India. The development of IGBC Green Homes Rating System is another important step in this direction. IGBC Membership IGBC draws its strength from its members who have been partners in facilitating the Green Building Movement in India.The local chapters led by individual champions and committed members have been instrumental in reaching out the vision of the IGBC at the regional levels. IGBC is today seen as a leader in spearheading the Indian green building movement. The council is member driven and consensus based. Contact : Indian Green Building Council C/o Confederation of Indian Industry CII – Sohrabji Godrej G reen Business Centre Survey No. 64, Kothaguda Post Near Kothaguda Cross Roads, R R District Hyderabad – 500 032, India Ph: +91 40 23112971-74 Fax : +91 40 23112837 Email: [email  protected] in Web: www. igbc. in 9 I. Introduction The housing sector in India is growing at a rapid pace and contributing immensely to the growth of the economy.This augurs well for the country and now there is an imminent need to introduce green concepts and techniques in this sector, which can aid growth in a sustainable manner. Green concepts and techniques in the residential sector can help address national issues like handling of consumer waste, water efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use in commuting, energy efficiency and conserving natural resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and wellbeing. Against this background, Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has launched ‘IGBC Green Homes Rating System’ to address the national prioriti es. By applying IGBC Green Homes criteria, homes which are sustainable over the life cycle of the building can be constructed.This rating programme is a tool which enables the designer to apply green concepts and criteria, so as to reduce the environmental impacts, which are measurable. The programme covers methodologies to cover diverse climatic zones and changing lifestyles. IGBC Green Homes is the first rating programme developed in India, exclusively for the residential sector. It is based on accepted energy and environmental principles and strikes a balance between known established practices and emerging concepts. The system is designed to be comprehensive in scope, yet simple in operation. IGBC has set up the Green Homes Core Committee to develop the rating programme. This committee comprised of key stakeholders including architects, developers, home owners, manufacturers, institutions and industry representatives.The committee, with a diverse background and knowledge has enr iched the rating system both in its content and process. 10 II. Benefits of Green Homes Green homes can have tremendous benefits, both tangible and intangible. The most tangible benefits are the reduction in water and energy consumption right from day one of occupancy. The energy savings could range from 20 – 30 % and water savings around 30 – 50%. Intangible benefits of Green homes include enhanced air quality, excellent daylighting, health & wellbeing of the occupants, safety benefits and conservation of scarce national resources. Green Homes rating system can also enhance marketability of a project. III.National Priorities Addressed in the Rating System The Green Homes Rating System addresses the most important National priorities which include water conservation, handling of consumer waste, energy conservation, conservation of resources like wood and lesser dependence on usage of virgin materials. Water Efficiency: Most of the Asian countries are water stressed and in countries like India the water table has reduced drastically over the last decade. Green Homes encourages use of water in a self – sustainable manner through reducing, recycling and reusing strategies. By adopting this rating programme green homes can save potable water to an extent of 30 – 50%.Handling of House -hold Waste: Handling of waste in residential buildings is extremely difficult as most of the waste generated is not segregated at source and has a high probability of going to land fills. This continues to be a challenge to the municipalities which needs to be addressed. IGBC intents to address this by encouraging green homes to segregate the house hold waste. Energy Efficiency: The residential sector is a large consumer of electrical energy. IGBC Green Homes can reduce energy consumption through energy efficient lighting, air conditioning systems, motors, pumps etc. , The rating system encourages green homes which select and use BEE labeled equipment and appliances. The energy savings that can be realised by adopting this rating programme can be to the tune of 20 – 30%.Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuel is a slowly depleting resource, world over. The use of fossil fuel for transportation has been a major source of pollution. The rating system encourages the use of alternate fuels for transportation and captive power generation. Reduced Dependency on Virgin Materials: The rating system encourages projects to use recycled & reused material and discourages the use of virgin wood thereby addressing environmental impacts associated with extraction and processing of virgin materials. Reduced usage of virgin wood is also encouraged. 11 Health and Well-being of Occupants: Health and well-being of occupants is the most important aspect of Green Homes.IGBC Green Homes Rating System ensures minimum performance of daylighting and ventilation aspects which are critical in a home. The rating system recognises measures to minimise the indoor air pollutants. IV. IGBC Green Homes Rating System IGBC has set up the Green Homes Core Committee to focus on residential sector. The committee includes architects, realtors, experts on building science and industry representatives. The varied experience and professions of the committee members brings in a holistic perspective in the process of developing the rating programme. A. Evolution of the Rating System IGBC, in its endeavor to extend green building concepts to all building types envisioned a rating programme for homes in December 2007.A core committee was formed under the leadership of Ar Sharukh Mistry, Mistry Architects, Bangalore. The committee drafted the pilot version of the programme which was launched in May 2008. The rating system is designed to suit Indian climate and construction practices. About 220 members representing 120 organisations participated in the pilot programme. 52 projects with 41. 5 million sq. ft of building footprint area from various clima tic zones registered under the pilot rating programme. After one year of implementation, feedback from pilot projects were reviewed by the core committee and the suggestions have been incorporated in the final rating system launched in March 2009. The rating system will be subjected to a eview by the core committee, every 6 months, to ensure that it is updated and contemporary. B. Features of IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes Rating System is a voluntary and consensus based programme. The rating system has been developed based on materials and technologies that are presently available. The objective of IGBC Green Homes is to facilitate the creation of energy efficient, water efficient, healthy, comfortable and environmentally friendly houses. The rating system evaluates certain credit points using a prescriptive approach and other credits on a performance based approach. The rating system is evolved so as to be comprehensive and at the same time user-friendly.The programme is fundam entally designed to address national priorities and quality of life for occupants. 12 The rating programme uses well accepted national standards and wherever local or national standards are not available, appropriate international benchmarks have been considered. C. Scope of IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes Rating System is a measurement system designed for rating new residential buildings which broadly include two construction types: 1. Dwellings where interiors are part of the project. 2. Dwellings where interiors are not part of the project *Interiors include but not limited to refrigerators, internal lighting, furniture, carpets, etc.Based on the scope of work, projects can choose any of the above options. The following categories of dwelling can apply for rating: v Individual homes v Gated communities v High rise residential apartments v Existing residential buildings v Residential buildings with major renovation v Hostels, Service apartments, Resorts, Motels and Guest houses In general all dwelling spaces which can meet the mandatory requirements and minimum points can apply. Various levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total points earned. D. The Future of IGBC Green Homes Many new green building materials, equipment and technologies are being introduced in the market.With continuous up-gradation and introduction of new green technologies and products, it is important that the rating programme also keeps pace with current standards and technologies. Therefore, the rating programme will also undergo periodic revisions to incorporate the latest advances and changes. It is important to note that project teams applying for IGBC Green Homes should register their projects with the latest version of the rating system. During the course of implementation, projects have an option to transit to the latest version of the rating system. IGBC will highlight new developments on its website on a continuous basis at www. igbc. in 13 V. IGBC Green Homes Process The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of green homes of all sizes and types.IGBC Green Homes addresses green features under the following categories: v Site Selection and Planning v Water Efficiency v v v v Energy Efficiency Materials Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation & Design Process Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory requirements, which are non-negotiable. The various levels of rating awarded are: v ‘Certified’ to recognise best practices v ‘Silver’ to recognise outstanding performance v ‘Gold’ to recognise national excellence v ‘Platinum’ to recognise global leadership a. When to use IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes is designed primarily for new residential buildings.However, it is also applicable for existing buildings redesigned in accordance with the IGBC Green Homes criteria. The project team can evaluate all the possible points to apply under the rating system using a suitable checklist. The project can apply for IGBC Green Homes certification if it can meet all mandatory requirements and achieve the minimum required points. b. IGBC Green Homes Registration Project teams interested in IGBC Green Homes Certification for their project must first register with IGBC. Projects can be registered on IGBC website (www. igbc. in) under ‘IGBC Green Homes’. The website includes information on registration fee for IGBC member companies as well as non-members.Registration is the initial step which helps establish contact with IGBC and provides access to the required documents, templates, important communications and other necessary information. Consult the web site for important details about IGBC Green Homes application as well as the certification review process, schedule and fee. 14 c. IGBC Green Homes Certification Le vels The rating system caters to projects like individual houses, apartments, motels, resorts, hostels, etc. , Amongst the different types, projects are broadly classified into two categories: v Projects where interiors are part of scope of work v Projects where interiors are not part of the scope of work Interiors include but not limited to materials like interior finishes & furniture and appliances like refrigerators, fans, lights etc. As a general guideline, individual owners can use the checklist ‘Projects with Interiors’ and developers & builders can use the checklist titled ‘Projects without Interiors’. However, if the context varies, projects can adopt the one which is the closest fit. The threshold criteria for certification levels are as under: Certification Level Certified Silver Gold Platinum Points for projects with interiors 32 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 80 Points for projects without interiors 30 – 36 37 †“ 44 45 – 55 56 – 75 d. Documentation The project team is expected to provide supporting documents at each stage of submission for all the mandatory requirements and the credits attempted.Supporting documents are those which provide specific proof of meeting the required performance level, such as, specifications, drawings (in native format only), cutsheets, manufacturer’s literature, purchase invoices and other documents. These details are mentioned in this guide, under each credit / mandatory requirement. Documentation is submitted in two phases – design submittals and construction submittals: v The design submission involves those credits which can be evaluated at the design stage. The reference guide provides the list of design and construction phase credits. After the design submission, review is done by third party assessors and review comments would be provided within 40 working days. v The next phase involves submission of clarifications to desi gn queries and construction document submittal.The construction document is submitted on completion of the project. This review will also be provided within 40 working days, after which the rating is awarded. 15 It is important to note that the credits earned at the design review are only considered as anticipated and are not awarded until the final construction documents are submitted along with additional documents showing implementation of design features. If there are changes for any design credit anticipated, these changes need to be documented and resubmitted for the construction review phase. IGBC will recognise homes that achieve one of the rating levels with a formal letter of certification and a mountable plaque. e.Precertification Projects by developers can register for Precertification. This is an option provided for projects aspiring to get precertified at the design stage. The documentation submitted for precertification must detail the project design features which wi ll be implemented. The rating awarded under precertification is based on the project’s intention to conform to the requirements of Green Homes Rating system. It is important to note that the precertification rating awarded need not neccesarily correspond to the final certification. Precertified projects are required to provide the status of the project to IGBC, in relation to the rating, once in every six months until the award of the final rating.Precertification gives the owner/developer a unique advantage to market the project to potential buyers. Those projects which seek precertification need to submit the following documentation: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ For each credit, a narrative on how the project would meet the goal Design calculations, wherever appropriate Drawings (in native format only) as appropriate Filled in templates wherever applicable IGBC would take 40 working days to review the first set of precertification documents. On receiving the clarificatio ns posed in the first review, IGBC would take another 40 working days to award the precertification. A certificate and a letter are provided to projects on precertification. f.Credit Interpretation Ruling In some instances the design team can face certain challenges in applying or interpreting a mandatory requirement or a credit. It can also happen in cases where the project can opt to achieve the same goal through a different compliance route. To resolve this IGBC uses the process of ‘Credit Interpretation Ruling’ (CIR) to ensure that rulings are consistent and applicable to other projects as well. 16 The following are the steps to be followed in case the project team faces a problem: v Consult the Reference Guide for description of the credit goal, compliance options and calculations. v Review the goal of the credit or mandatory requirement and self-evaluate whether the project satisfies the goal. Review the Credit Interpretation web page for previous CIR on the relev ant credit or mandatory requirement. All projects registered under IGBC Green Homes will have access to this page. v If a similar CIR has not been addressed or does not answer the question sufficiently, submit a credit interpretation request. Only registered projects are eligible to post CIRs. Two CIRs are answered without levying any fee and for any CIR beyond the first two CIRs, a fee is levied. g. Appeal Generally credits get denied due to misinterpretation of the goal. On receipt of the final review, the project team has the option to appeal to IGBC for reassessment of denied credits or mandatory requirements.The documentation for the mandatory requirements or credits seeking appeal may be resubmitted to IGBC along with necessary fee. IGBC will take 40 working days to review such documentation. These submissions would be reviewed by an assessor not involved in the earlier assessments. Documentation for appeals should include the following i. Documentation submitted for design su bmission ii. Documentation submitted for construction submission iii. Clarifications along with necessary drawings and calculations VI. Fee Certification fee details can be found on IGBC website. VII. Updates and Addenda This is the first version of IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide. As the rating system continues to improve and evolve, updates and addenda to he reference guide will be made available through the website. These additions will be incorporated in the next version of the rating system. 17 Points Available Checklist for Green Homes Site Selection and Planning Local Regulations Soil Erosion Basic Amenities Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 25% Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Parking Facilities for Visitors Electric charging Facility for Vehicl es Design for Differently Abled Green Home Guidelines – Design & Post Occupancy Projects with Interiors Projects without Interiors Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Site Credit 1. 0 Site Credit 2. 0 Site Credit 3. 0 Site Credit 4. 0 Site Credit 5. 0 Site Credit 6. 0 Site Credit 7. 0Required Required 1 2 2 1 1 1 NA 8 Required Required 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9 Required Required 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 20 Required Required 10 1 NA 3 1 4 1 1 21 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Water Credit 1. 0 Water Credit 2. 0 Water Credit 3. 0 Water Credit 4. 0 Water Credit 5. 0 Water Credit 6. 0 Water Credit 7. 0 Water Credit 8. 0 Water Credit 9. 0 Water Efficiency Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Water Efficient Fixtures Turf Design : 20%, 40% Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Management of Irrigation System s Rainwater Harvesting : 75%,95% Grey Water Treatment : 50%, 75%, 95% Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%, 75%, 95% Treated Grey Water forFlushing : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Metering Energy Efficiency CFC Free Equipment Minimum Energy Performance Energy Performance Energy Metering Refrigerators Solar Water Heating Systems : 50%, 75%, 95% Captive Power Generation On-site Renewable Energy : 2. 5%, 5. 0%, 7. 5%, 10% Efficient luminaries & Lighting power density : 20% Energy Saving Measures in Other Appliances & Equipment Required Required 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 20 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Energy Credit 1. 0 Energy Credit 2. 0 Energy Credit 3. 0 Energy Credit 4. 0 Energy Credit 5. 0 Energy Credit 6. 0 Energy Credit 7. 0 Energy Credit 8. 0 Required Required 10 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 22 18 Materials Mandatory Requirement 1 Material Credit 1. 0 Material Credit 2. 0 Material Credit 3. 0 Material Credit 4. 0 Materials Credit 5. 0 Material Credit 6. 0 Material Credit 7. Separation of Waste Waste Reduction During Construction : 75% Organic Waste Management, Post Occupancy : 50%, 95% Materials with Recycled Content : 10%, 20% Rapidly Renewable Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Local Materials : 50%, 75% Reuse of Salvaged Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Certified Wood Based Materials and Furniture : 50%, 75% Indoor Environmental Quality Tobacco Smoke Con trol Daylighting : 50% Fresh Air Ventilation Exhaust Systems Enhanced Fresh Air Ventilation : 30% Low VOC Materials Carpets : 5% Building Flush Out Daylighting : 75%, 85%, 95% Cross Ventilation Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process IGBC AP Total Required 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Mandatory Requirement 3 IEQ Credit 1. IEQ Credit 2. 0 IEQ Credit 3. 0 IEQ Credit 4. 0 IEQ Credit 5. 0 IEQ Credit 6. 0 IEQ Credit 7. 0 Required Required Required 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 13 INN Credit 1. 1 INN Credit 1. 2 INN Credit 1. 3 INN Credit 2. 0 1 1 1 1 4 80 Required 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 12 Required Required Required NA 2 2 NA NA 3 2 9 1 1 1 1 4 75 IGBC Green Homes Certification Levels Rating Certified Silver Gold Platinum Projects with Interiors 32 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 80 Points Projects without Interiors 30 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 55 56 – 75 1 9 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Site Selection and Planning 20 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Local Regulations Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Construction SubmittalTo ensure that the building complies with the required statutory regulatory codes. Compliance Options: The following measures need to be ensured: †¢ †¢ Approval of the plan from the competent Government authority Fit for occupancy document from the competent Government authority Documentation Required: Provide an approved plan and / or fit for occupancy documents obtained from the competent Government authority. Provide photographs / as-built drawings of the completed building. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the statutory requirements in the area that the building is constructed. Ensure that these requirements are incorporated at the design stage. 21 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNINGSoil Erosion Mandatory Requirement 2 Goal: To control soil erosion and thereby reduce negative impacts to the site. Compliance Options: Ad opt the following measures: Construction Submittal v Ensure erosion control measures that conform to the best management practices highlighted in the National Building Code (NBC) of India. v Ensure that topsoil is stockpiled for reuse later. v Develop appropriate measures to address soil erosion, post occupancy. Documentation Required: Provide photographs to show stockpiling of topsoil. Submit a description on the measures implemented / provide the erosion control plan adopted. Submit a post occupancy erosion control plan.Approach and Methodologies: Evolve strategies to stockpile top soil and reuse later for landscaping purpose or stockpiled soil can be donated to other sites for landscaping purpose. Consider adopting measures such as temporary and permanent seeding, mulching, earth dikes, silt fencing, sediment traps, and sediment basins as appropriate. Open areas can be landscaped (eg. , grass, trees, shrubs). Paved areas can be installed with permeable paving. For impermeable sur faces direct all run off towards storm water collection pits. 22 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Basic Amenities Site Credit 1. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Point: 1 To reduce the negative impacts from automobile use and enhance the overall quality of life by providing amenities.Compliance Options: Select a site with access to atleast five amenities, within a walking distance of 1 Km (see list in Exhibit A) AND In multi-dwelling units, provide seating area & toilets in the common area and tot-lots within the campus. Note: This point can be earned only if the amenities are available before or at the time of project completion. Documentation Required: Provide an area map (to scale) indicating the path and distances from the proposed building to the household amenities or public transport systems. Provide photographs. Approach and Methodologies: Select sites near public transit and / or household services and amenities that are accessible by safe, convenient pedestrian pathways. Only restauran ts can be counted twice and all other amenities to be considered only once. 23SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Exhibit A – List of Basic Amenities †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Grocery store Electrician / Plumbing services School Dhobi / Laundry Bank / ATM Creche Fitness Center /Gym Library Medical clinic / Hospital Pharmacy Post Office / Courier service Place of Worship Restaurant Supermarket Other neighborhood-serving retail Electricity / Water utility bills payment counter Playground Jogging track 24 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 25% Site Credit 2. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Minimise disturbances to the building site so as to reduce long-term environmental impacts. Compliance Options: Avoid disturbance to site by etaining the natural topography of the site and / or design landscape for at least 15% of the site area. Points are awarded as below: Points for retaining natural topography or landscaping Percentage of site area with natural topography and/or landscaped area > 15% > 25% Notes: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Parking areas, walkways etc. , are considered as site disturbances. Landscape refers to soft landscaping which include only vegetative materials. Natural topography in its broad sense means preserving natural features of the terrain. Landscaped areas over built structures such as roofs, basement etc cannot be considered for the purpose of calculation of landscaped area. Potted plants will not be considered as landscape. Points 1 2Documentation Required: Provide drawings, calculations and photographs showing the site area with natural topography (and / or) landscaped area. Approach and Methodologies: Design the building with a minimal footprint (by tightening design needs and stacking floor plans). Consider retaining the natural topography in the site or design landscape t o the extent possible. In sites which have fully grown trees, avoid destruction. Avoid developing paved surfaces on the site, as much as possible. 25 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Site Credit 3. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) to minimise impact on microclimate.Compliance Options: Use material with high solar reflectance and thermal emittance (such as, white china mosaic or white cement tiles or any other highly reflective materials) and / or provide vegetation to cover atleast 50% of the exposed roof areas. Points are awarded as below: Points for Heat Island Effect – Roof Percentage of green roof/ high reflective material > 50% > 75% Note: Exposed roof area does not include areas occupied by equipment such as HVAC, solar water heater, photovoltaic etc. , Documentation Required: Provide roof drawings highlighting location and the extent of highly reflective roof materials / green roof provided.Approach and Methodologies: To maximise energy savings and minimise heat island effect, select materials that exhibit high reflectivity and high emissivity. Consider providing green roofs or using highly reflective materials over roof to reduce the heat island effect. Typical materials with high reflective properties include china mosaic, white cement tiles, paints with high Solar Reflective Index (SRI) values etc. , Points 1 2 26 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Parking Facilities for Visitors Site Credit 4. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Points: 1 To provide adequate parking within the site to minimise disturbance caused due to parking on public roads and thereby enhance quality of life.Compliance Options: Parking capacity to be provided as per local byelaws and parking for visitors to be provided as follows: †¢ †¢ For individual homes provide 1 visitor car park For multi-dwelling units provide an additional 10% parking are a over and above the local code, reserved for visitors only. Documentation Required: Provide calculations on parking provisions as per local regulations. Submit plans indicating the visitor car park area. Approach and Methodologies: Design the building to ensure adequate parking provisions are made to cater to the occupants as well as the visitors. Parking provisions should take into account two wheelers and four wheelers. While designing parking facilities, consider basement/ stilts parking to reduce the heat island effect. When surface parking is planned, consider permanent cover; or other design strategies to address heat island effect as a result of such provisions. 27SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Electric Charging Facility for Vehicles Site Credit 5. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Point: 1 To encourage the use of electric vehicles to reduce pollution from automobile use. Compliance Options: Provide electric charging facility within the site, as follows: †¢ †¢ For individual h omes provide atleast one such facility For multi-dwelling units provide electric charging facility, to cover 10% of the total parking capacity reserved for building occupants and visitors. The electric charging facility should cater to both two wheelers and four wheelers. Documentation Required: Provide parking plans showing provisions for electric charging facility.Provide calculations demonstrating that these facilities meet the credit criteria. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the type of electric vehicles already plying on the roads and also survey the kind of vehicles which may come up in the future. Create facilities so as to charge these kinds of vehicles. Consider having adequate number of charging facilities based on the charging time. While considering such charging facilities, ensure that all safety aspects have been addressed. 28 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Design for Differently Abled Site Credit 6. 0 Goal: To ensure that the building can cater to differently abled pe ople Compliance Options: Design Submittal Point: 1The building design should incorporate the following provisions for differently abled people, as applicable: †¢ Appropriately designed preferred car parking spaces in an area which has easy access to the main entrance or closer to the lift (one parking space for every 100 dwelling units) Provision for easy access to the main entrance Uniformity in flooring level/ ramps in common areas Rest rooms (toilets) in common areas designed for differently abled people Braille and audio assistance in lifts for visually impaired people †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Documentation Required: Provide drawings showing provisions for differently abled people. Also submit photographs.Approach and Methodologies: Identify all probable facilities required to cater to differently abled people. Design the building to ensure that certain basic minimum provisions for differently abled people are incorporated. 29 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Green Home G uidelines – Design & Post Occupancy Site Credit 7. 0 Design Submittal Point: 1 Not applicable for projects with interiors Goal: Provide prospective buyers and occupants with descriptive guidelines that educate and help them implement green design features within their apartment / houses. Compliance Options: Marketing and design stage: Include green design features proposed along with details of the green homes rating pursued in the marketing brochures.Post Occupancy stage: Publish green home guidelines providing information that helps occupants to implement green ideas. Documentation Required: Provide a copy of the marketing brochure along with green design features. Also submit a copy of the ‘Green Home Guidelines’ which will be given to the occupants. Approach and Methodologies: Develop a summary of sustainable design features incorporated in the Green Home project. Also include tips and guidelines which can be considered by the occupants in designing the inter iors. 30 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficiency 31 WATER EFFICIENCY Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Construction SubmittalTo increase the ground water table or to reduce the usage of water through effective and appropriate rainwater management. Compliance Options: Provide rainwater harvesting or storage system to capture atleast 50% of the runoff volumes from the roof surfaces. In coastal areas where the groundwater table is shallow and water percolation is limited, collection tanks may be provided meeting the above requirement. Runoff coefficients for Typical Surface Types S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Note: For normal annual rainfall refer Metrological Department data at http://www. imd. gov. in Documentation Required: Provide details on the rainwater harvesting system specifying storage capacity and volume of water captured. Provide details of captured rainwater.Approach and Methodologies: Survey the water table in the area. Design appropriate harvesting system based on the sub-surface characteristics. Factors to be considered include weathering, fractures & joints for rocky sites and thickness of aquifer for sedimentary sites. Capture rainwater from roof top for reuse. The design should also include flushing arrangement to let out impurities in the first few showers. Such pollutants and impurities include paper waste, leaves, bird droppings, dust, etc. Surface Type Cemented/ tiled Roof Roofs Conventional Roof Garden ( 500 mm) Runoff Coefficient 0. 95 0. 95 0. 95 0. 30 0. 10 32 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficient Fixtures Mandatory Requirement 2Goal: To minimise indoor water usage by installing efficient water fixtures. Compliance Options: Construction Submittal Select water fixtures whose average flow rates / capacities meet the values mentioned in the table below: Baseline Flow Rates / Capacity for Water Fixtures in a Typical Household S. No 1 2 Items Flush fixtures Flow fixtures Units LPF LPM Base line average flow rates / capacity 6/3 12 * At a flowin g water pressure of 3 bar Notes: †¢ †¢ Flow fixtures include faucets, basin mixer, taps, showers, shower mixers. The baseline flows can be demonstrated at flowing water pressure of 3 bar. Flowing water pressure of 3bar does not mean that the water supply in the building is at 3 bar. The uilding fixtures can operate at lower pressures but to show compliance under this credit, the design flow rates are to be submitted at 3 bar. The average flow rate is a simple arithmetic average of all the respective flush / flow fixtures. †¢ Documentation Required: Submit data manual by product manufacturer to confirm that conditions above have been satisfied. Approach and Methodologies: While selecting water fixtures, look for the efficiencies. The product catalogue or the brochure may detail the flow rates at various pressures. Fixtures are available with ultra high efficiency which can reduce substantial quantity of water consumption. 33 WATER EFFICIENCY Turf Design : 20%, 40% Wate r Credit 1. 0Goal: To limit such landscape which consumes large quantities of water. Compliance Options: Design Submittal Points: 2 Limit the use of turf on the site so as to conserve water. Points are awarded as below. Points for Limited Use of Turf Turf area as a percentage of total landscaped area < 20% < 40% Points 2 1 Areas planted with turf should not exceed a slope of 25 percent (i. e. , a 4 to 1 slope). Notes: †¢ †¢ This point is applicable only for those projects which have atleast 15% of the site area landscaped. Landscape refers to soft landscaping which include only vegetative materials. Documentation Required: Provide a landscape plan specifying the species used.Provide photographs. Approach and Methodologies: During landscape design minimise turf to the extent possible. Select plants, shrubs and trees which consume less water. 34 WATER EFFICIENCY Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Water Credit 2. 0 Goal: Landscape to be designed to ensure minimum consumption of w ater. Compliance Options: Design Submittal Points: 1 Ensure that atleast 25% of the landscaped area is planted with drought tolerant species. Notes: †¢ †¢ This point is applicable only for those projects which have atleast 15% of the site/ plot area landscaped. Drought tolerant species are those species that do not require supplemental irrigation.Generally accepted time frame for temporary irrigation is one to two years. Documentation Required: Provide a landscape plan indicating the percentage of landscaped area which uses drought tolerant species. Also provide a list of the species used and highlight their drought tolerant nature. Approach and Methodologies: Select species that are well-adapted to the site. Select those species which are drought tolerant. Consider xeriscaping as an approach for landscaping. 35 WATER EFFICIENCY Management of Irrigation Systems Water Credit 3. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Reduce the demand for irrigation water through water-eff icient management techniques.Compliance Options: (1 point for any three features) Provide highly efficient irrigation system incorporating atleast two features mentioned below: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide a central shut-off valve Provide a moisture sensor controller Turf and each type of bedding area must be segregated into independent zones based on watering needs Atleast 50% of landscape planting beds must have drip irrigation system to reduce evaporation Install time based controller for the valves such that the evaporation loss is minimum and plant health is ensured Use pressure regulating devices to maintain optimal pressure to prevent water loss Any other innovative methods for watering Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of managing the irrigation systems installed. Provide landscape plans with the names of the species. Provide cut sheets and photographs of the systems installed.Approach and Methodologies: The irrigation management system must be designed based on the requirements of the landscape plan, and installed as per the design. The designer and the installer must work together and ensure the planned performance of the system. 36 WATER EFFICIENCY Rainwater Harvesting, 75%, 95% Water Credit 4. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 To increase the ground water table or to reduce the usage of water through effective and appropriate rainwater management. Compliance Options: Provide rainwater harvesting system to capture roof water generated from roof area to utilize in landscape irrigation or indoor water usage. In coastal areas where the groundwater table is shallow and water percolation is limited, collection tanks may be provided meeting the above requirement.Points are awarded as below: Points for Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting System to capture / recharge †¢ 75% runoff from roof area †¢ 95% runoff from roof area Notes: †¢ †¢ In areas where recharging the aqu ifier is not feasible, collection and reuse may be considered. For normal annual http://www. imd. gov. in rainfall refer Metrological Department data at Points 1 2 Documentation Required: Provide details on the rainwater harvesting system specifying storage capacity and volume of water captured. Provide details of captured rainwater. 37 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Survey the water table in the area. Design appropriate harvesting structure based on the sub-surface characteristics. Factors to be considered include weathering, fractures & joints for rocky sites and thickness of aquifer for sedimentary sites.Capture rainwater from roof top for reuse. The design should also include flushing arrangement to let out impurities in the first few showers. Such pollutants and impurities include paper waste, leaves, bird droppings, dust, etc. 38 WATER EFFICIENCY Grey Water Treatment : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 5. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce the consumption o f water by in situ treatment of grey water generated so as not to pollute the municipal streams. Compliance Options: Provide an on-site grey water treatment system to treat atleast 50% of grey water generated in the building, to standards suitable for flushing and landscaping purpose.Points are awarded as below: Points for Grey Water Treatment Grey Water Treated as a Percentage of Total Grey Water generated in Building †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Note: Grey water is neither clean nor heavily soiled waste water that comes from clothes washers, bathtub, showers, bathroom wash basins, kitchen sinks and dish washers. More specifically, it is the untreated waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of the on-site grey water treatment system. Provide photographs / cut sheets from the manufacturers. Provide water balance of the building. Provide details of usage of treated grey water within the building. Poi nts 2 3 39 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Calculate the grey water volumes generated in the building. Design appropriately the capacity of the on-site grey water treatment system. While designing the treatment system, ensure that the treated grey water meets the required quality standards based on its purpose of application. Have signages all around the building to caution occupants and housekeeping staff that this water is not potable. 40 WATER EFFICIENCY Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 6. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce demand for fresh water by using treated grey water for landscaping.Compliance Options: Reduce atleast 50% of potable water requirement for landscaping by using treated grey water generated within the site. AND The treated grey water for reuse must conform to the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. Points are awarded as below. Points for Treated Grey Water for Lands caping Percentage of Treated Grey Water Treated used for Landscaping †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Points 1 2 3 Note: This point can be claimed only if the grey water that is reused is treated in situ. Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of landscaping water requirement and how the treated grey water or rain water will meet this requirement. Also provide calculations on quantity and quality of grey water reused. 41WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Install an adequately sized grey water treatment plant. Ensure that the quality of the treated grey water is fit and safe for reuse. Prioritise the use of treated grey water such that irrigation requirements are given top priority. Excess treated grey water can also be used for flushing and make-up water for air-conditioning systems. Ensure periodic testing of the treated water to meet the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. 42 WATER EFFICIENCY Treated Grey Water f or Flushing : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 7. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce demand for fresh water by using treated grey water for flushing requirements.Compliance Options: Provide separate water plumbing lines for flushing purpose and source atleast 50% of the flushing water requirements from the treated grey water available. AND The treated grey water for reuse must conform to the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. Points are awarded as below. Points for Treated Grey Water for Flushing Percentage of Treated Grey Water Treated used for Flushing †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Note: This point can be claimed only if the grey water that is reused is treated in situ. Documentation Required: Submit drawings showing separate plumbing lines for treated grey water. Provide calculations to show the quantity of grey water used for flushing.Points 1 2 3 43 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Evaluate the water consumption in the building and ascertain the quantity of grey water generated. Also evaluate the availability of grey water for flushing purposes and accordingly install the dual plumbing lines. Design the plumbing system accordingly. 44 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Credit 8. 0 Goal: To minimise indoor water usage by installing efficient water fixtures. Compliance Options: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Select water fixtures whose average flow rates / capacities are lower than the given baseline values for all the items mentioned below.Points are awarded as below: Points for Water Efficient Flow Fixtures Points Awarded S. No 1 2 Items Flush fixtures Flow fixtures * Base line Average Flow / Capacity 6/3 12 Units LPF LPM Water consumption 20% lower than baseline 1 Water consumption 30% lower than baseline 1 2 * At a flowing water pressure of 3 bar Notes: †¢ †¢ Flow fixtures include faucets, basin mixer, taps, showers, shower mixers. The baseline flows ca n be demonstrated at flowing water pressure of 3 bar. Flowing water pressure of 3bar does not mean that the water supply in the building is at 3 bar. The building fixtures can operate at lower pressures but to show compliance under this credit, the design flow rates are to be submitted at 3 bar.The average flow rate is a simple arithmetic average of all the respective flush / flow fixtures. †¢ Documentation Required: Submit data manual by product manufacturer to confirm that conditions above have been satisfied. Provide calculations to show the percentage of water savings. 45 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: While selecting water fixtures, look for the efficiencies. The product catalogue or the brochure may detail the flow rates at various pressures. Fixtures are available with ultra high efficiency which can reduce substantial quantity of water consumption. 46 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Metering Water Credit 9. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Points: 1To encourage continuous monitoring and enhance the performance of the residential dwelling unit(s). Compliance Options: Provide water meters for any three of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Treated grey water consumption Landscape water consumption Rain water reuse Airconditioning cooling tower make-up Hot water consumption Any other major source of water consumption such as, swimming pools, water fountain, common car wash facilities Documentation Required: Describe the metering equipment installed. Provide cut sheets for the meters installed. Approach and Methodologies: Identify all the major water consuming areas and install systems to monitor their consumptions.Develop and implement a measurement and verification mechanism to compare predicted water savings to actual water consumption. 47 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy Efficiency 48 ENERGY EFFICIENCY CFC-Free Equipment Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Design Submittal To avoid the use of such refrigerants and ozone layer depleting gases which will negatively impact the environment Compliance Options: Refrigerants used in Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and unitary air-conditioners installed must be CFC-free. Documentation Required: Provide a declaration signed by a responsible party declaring that the building HVAC systems do not use CFC based refrigerants. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the market for all CFC-free HVAC systems.Such systems are also available in smaller capacities. Install HVAC equipment which does not use CFC based refrigerant. 49 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Minimum Energy Performance Mandatory Requirement 2 Goal: Design Submittal Optimise energy efficiency of the building to reduce environmental impacts from excessive energy use. Compliance Options: The project should achieve the following minimum number of points as illustrated under the Energy Credit 1. 0: Type of Building Non Air-conditioned Air-conditioned Minimum number of points to be achieved 3 4 For further detail s, refer to Energy Credit 1. 0. 50 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy Performance Energy Credit 1. 0 Design Submittal Points: 10